zkouška - otázky

rse
Family Union (1939) – rhytmical prose
Edward Morgan Forster – 1879- 1970 – homosexual, exper. sex. life, BG member – more tradit. novels
A Passage to India (1924) – series of epizodes, no action – main char. Adela Quested, dr. Aziz – Anglo-Indian relationship – endangered by a tragic epizode – negat. aspects of Engl. influence in India, but optimistic ending
Howard‘s End (1910) = name of the house - not much action – concentrated on social, psychol, issues, spirit.
- 2 families – sister Shiller X upper clas – style of life, attitudes of families
A Room With a View – picture of Eng. and Am. peo livinf in Italy – not so serious ( filmed
Aspects of the Novel – analysis of the noel – readable

10) British Prose in the First half of the 20th Century (Before WW2)
- only between the wars → during wars 0 lit.
- more polarization between popular and serious lit. - cliques – to amuse X innovative – for fewer readers, maturer, ( educated
→ modernist
- novel – main, most popular
- topics – more explicit, concerned with polit. issues → dictatorship, more shocking, cruel, dramatic ( naturalist – not hidden, shocking, detailed
- 2nd half – postmodernism – mix of serious and popular (for masses) genres - more diversity
- disillusionment – more cynical, rough ( Lost Generation in US – typ. of presenting of negat. feelings
- after WW1:a) modernism – doesn’t reflect war
b) war poets – disaster for Br. , many † (trench war = zákopová válka) – Owen, Brook
David Herbert Lawrence – 1885-1930 - * Nottingham – not member of BG, but sometimes visited
- more tradit. in writing techniq. X innovative in: content (erotics), reflecting psychoanalysis ((Freud), social background (worker class – father was a miner)
- free verse, rhytmicised prose
- lit. theory – critic – most appreciated essays in Engl. lit – founder of moder Eng. lit. criticism
Sons and Lovers (1913) - relationship within a family – autobio ( filmed
- tyranic father, depressed, intelectual mother → Oidipus complex ( = strong rel. of a son to his mother)
Lady Chatterly’s Lover (1928) – most controvesial – open erotic scenes ( filmed
- tradit. content – y. lover, woman, her husband
Edward Morgan Forster – 1879- 1970 – homosexual, exper. sex. life, BG member – more tradit. novels
A Passage to India (1924) – series of epizodes, no action – main char. Adela Quested, dr. Aziz – Anglo-Indian relationship – endangered by a tragic epizode – negat. aspects of Engl. influence in India, but optimistic ending
Howard‘s End (1910) = name of the house - not much action – concentrated on social, psychol, issues, spirit.
- 2 families – sister Shiller X upper clas – style of life, attitudes of families
A Room With a View – picture of Eng. and Am. peo livinf in Italy – not so serious ( filmed
Aspects of the Novel – analysis of the noel – readable
John Galsworthy –1867-1933 - NP (1932) – interesting but not innovative novels
The Forsyte Saga (1906) – The Man of Property – he regards everything as his property
To Let (1921) - ║decline of Br. empire
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) - personal experience with modernists (BG)
- family of famous biologist – grandfather cooperated with Darwin
- disease – became almost blind – influenced his work
- studied Eng. lit., later lived in USA, cooper. with filmers, musician
Point Counter Point (1928) – clas. novel narration, innovative in structure (music) – kontrapunkt
- upper middle class peo – each part narrated by another person – dif. views
- long text, readable ( Dostojevskij - Běsy
- polit. issues – a char. is a head of Br. fascist – show the greatest controversials of the time ( Kundera – Žert
Brave New World (1932) – negat. utopia – neg. image of future (( Orwell) – short, shocking, easy to read
( title taken form Shakespeare
Eyeless in Gaza (1939) – his personal development ( title taken from Milton’s Samson
- sceptical individual
Island (1963) – utopian novel- ideal society in his opinion ( Th. Moor – Utopia
Great Eminence – sort of histor. fiction – a franciscan monk – cardinal Richelieu – Joseph – not much action
Perennial Philosophy (1946) – Věčná filosofie – contemplative approach
Doors of Perception (1954) – Prahy vnímání ( music group The Doors
George Orwell – 1908-1950 – Eric Blair (choose pseudonym to sound more common)
- middle class, educated at Eton (bad exper.), sad childhood
Burmese Days (1934) – opressed Burmese peo – dark picture of Br. domination in Burma
Homage to Catalonia (1938) – took part in civil war in Spain – left wing. more and more sceptical
Down-and-Out in Paris and London – lived with homeless peo
Inside the Whale (1940) – collection of essays
Such, Such Were the Joys – how was cared at Eton – negat. - bullying
( Henry Miller – Sexus, Nexus, Plexus – erotics, drugs
1984 (1949)- totalitarian systém description – hadn’t visited Russia, had no experience, but could discover
Animal Farm (1948)- pure allegory – exceptional ( Bunyan – Pilgrim’s Progress, Swift – Gulliver Travels
- everyone represents a person in Rus. history
11) Poetry in the First Half of the 20th Century (Kipling, Yeats, War Poets, Eliot..)
William Butler Yeats – 1865-1939 – Ireland, poe, drama
- NP for poe (1923) – not counted among Br. but Ir.
- dramas in verses – Irish mythology, history – Celtic revival
The Rose (1893) – collection of poe – patriotic, innovative – rose = symbol of Ireland
Words for Music Perhaps
– then he wrote modernist poe – he and T.S.Eliot concerned to be the greatest modernist poets
Thomas Sterns Eliot – 1888-1965 – innovative poet - NP (1948) ( Walt Whitman
- American, studied at Harward, since 25y. lived in Britain – Br. citizenship (1927)
Prufrock and Other Observations (1917) – collection
- Alfred J. Prufrock – nesympat. speaker – shallowness of peo’s mind
The Waste Land (1922) – WW1 reflection ( Lost Gener.- rough land – waste land of human souls after WW1
( easter philos.- Hindu- sophisticated, readable, natural
Ash Wednesday (1930) – reconciliation – being thoroughful for one’s guilt – spiritual – beaut. images ( Březina
- dramas in verse: ( clas. Greek tragedy
Murder in the Cathedral (1935) – Th. Becket murder, 12th cent, Cantenbury Cath. – readable, + chorus (( Greek)- comments on the story – free verse
Family Union (1939) – rhytmical prose
Wilfred Owen – 1893- 1918 – war poet - most gifted – “second Keats“ – all the time in war, †
Dulce et Decorum Est = Sweet and Glorious It Is (to die for one’s country)- ironic
Rupert Brook - † 1915 – patriotic, criticise war, disillusionment - war poet
Rudyard Kipling – doesn’t belong to war poets!
Gethsemany – short accomplished poem - ║ Christ’s † - soldiers † by gas – reaction to his own son’s † in war
Reaction to WW1
Wilfred Owen – 1893- 1918 – war poet - most gifted – “second Keats“ – all the time in war, †
Dulce et Decorum Est = Sweet and Glorious It Is (to die for one’s country)- ironic
Rupert Brook - † 1915 – patriotic, criticise war, disillusionment - war poet
Rudyard Kipling – doesn’t belong to war poets!
Gethsemany – short accomplished poem - ║ Christ’s † - soldiers † by gas – reaction to his own son’s † in war
Eliot – Waste Land (Pustina) – spirit., psychol. poem – after war – modernist, NP winner
12) British Prose int he Second Half of the 20th Century
- economic reception, 1950s - ↑ - GB – welfare state
- ↑ novel
a) Eliot, Orwell, Huxley, Greene – publ. both between and after WW2
b) new radicalism – innovative in topics – X class system
Angry Young Men – successful and publ. only in 1950s - not so important
- name: John Osborne – y. dramatist wrote Look Back in Anger – played in 1956 – ab. radical y. men
- only exception: Kinglsey Amis- successful all his life
- in The Times: review to Look Back in Anger – compared the main character to Lucky Jim → called AYM
- X firm social class systém ( → lang., clothes)
John Osborne – dramatist
The Entertainer – still played – tragedy of an aging entertainer
John Braine – Room at the Top (1957) – amb. y. man, pregnant girlfriend, but marry a rich woman whom he doesn’t love, wants only to move to the top, the girlfriend commits suicide
Dreiser –An American Tragedy – long typ. am. novel – naturalistic – rich woman
Kingsley Amis – critic, novelist –only 1 of AYM who kept writing
- son: Martin Amis – now successful and best-selling, best appretiated author
- founder of campus novel – br. typ. genre – ab. br. university campuses – types of teachers, students – funny, bitter, black humour, satirical
Lucky Jim – Jim Dixon – y. assistant in History Department, rich girl in love with him, bored by previous girlfriend
- introduced by known song - not so attractive now- founding work of campus novel
Winston Churchill – NP for liter. (1953)
The Second World War - 3 volumes – non fiction
The History of the English Speaking Peoples – essay The Iron Curtain (1946)
Graham Greene – 1904-1990 – the greatest 20th cent. novelist ( Golding
- major works publ. between wars, filmed
- spy for Br. government – autobio publ. 5 y. after his † - visited Prague in 1968
- converted to Catholicism → relig. writing – problems of conscience – catholic novels but refuses the name, calls it general novel – a man with a dilema
- entertainments – decided form the beginning what’s going to write – thrillers, exotic settings, spy plot
- paradox in each work
The Power of the Glory (1930s) – cath. priest in Mexico in the time of Mex. revolution, priests have to leave Mex. – the last priest – “Whiskey priest“ – alcoholic, weak, but shows his bravery when staying in the country → executed
Brighton Rock (Brightonský špalek = skála, tvrdé cukroví) (1938) – y. gangster (18y.) Pinkie commits a murder, cchased by police→ commits suicide by jumping the rock
- redeemed (spasen - zápach síry = peklo) – he was bad during his life but suffered when dying (bad childhood)
- difficult to find the paradox
A Burnt-Out Case – men living in an exotic country where he’s of higher status because of his brit. nationality (spy)
The Quiet American – before Vietnam war – aging br. journalist, y. woman, y. man, ( filmed
- paradox – nothing is how it looks
13) British 20th Century Women Writers (Lessing, Spark, Murdoch, Du Maurier, Contemporary Writers)
14) Postmodernism in British Prose, Contemporary Fiction, Campus Novel
Contemporary Literature
William Golding – 1911-1993 - NP – 1983 – not full agreement
- sailor in WW2 → wrote ab. it
- schoolteacher – Latin, Greek – thought ab. what would the boys do if there were no teacher fo look after them
Lord of the Flies (1954) – readable, very important – how civilisation falls into savatery – polit.- how democracy falls into totalitarianism - boys (6-13y.) – fall of an aircraft → isolated island - game becomes a war – boys become savages → elect a chief, make rules → cruel total.
a) adventurous book for boys – ironic reflection ( Verne
b) philos. - 3 main characters ║3 components of personality ((Freud): id – instincts – Jack
ego – senses – Ralph
superego – spirit – Simon, Piggy
- transcendental level – origin of evil
( Ballantyne – Coral Island – most pop. advent. book for children in Engl. sp. countries last century – 3 boys shipwracked – savages from island are turned into Christianity by the boys
- shocking but can happen → murders for pleasure
- perfectly realistic – boys kill pigs to survive, Jack kills a pig, puts the pig’s head on a stick (→ sacrifying place) as a gift for the Beast (= evil), the Beast – younger boys saw it (maybe)- afraid of it
( filmed – 1970 – Peter Brook, 1990s – not so good
- socilog.- most analysed book ar Br., Am. colleges, highschools since 1980 – before – Salinger – Cather in the Rye
- influenced all the rest of the 20th cent.
( Burgess – A Clockwell Orange
- oterh novels – interesting, difficult
The Spire (1964) (Věž) = top of the tower – psych., philos in middle ages – dean Joceline – cathedral in Salisbury
The Inheritors (1955) – ab. Neanderthals – primitive hlaf-humans – difficult – experimental – language of Neander.
- Neander. meet Homo Sapiens – idealised, inteligence ║evil X critics
Pincher Martin – a man after shipwrack, lives an a rock for 1 week, then dies – he is dead from the very beginning, it was premortal halucination - flashbacks – egoist, bad man
- in US – called Two Death of Pincher Martin – wanted him to chage the end – survival story
Anthony Burgess -1917-1993 - could speak many lang. (Russ.), music composer
A Clockwell Orange (1962) – short novel – shocking - crime, evil in teenagers
( filmed by Stanley Kubrick (1970s) – inspired teenagers → banned in Br.
- Alex (17y.) perform “ultar violence“ – his hobby is to make pain, has his own gang → 1 victim dies → to prison, volountarily brainwashed to hate violence
- free will, chioce – it is right not to commit violence if you’re not able or if you don’t want
- loves Beethoven’s music
- y. gang – experimental lang. – mixture of Rus./Eng. – Engl. spelling of Russ. words (titles in a film) → funny text – e.g.: horroshow = charašó (= good) – dictionary added
- in Czech translation – Czech /Eng.
Tolkien
C.S.Lewis
D. Lodge
M. Bradbury
Postmodernism
1) fiction + reality – 0 border – sometimes coalesce, melt (splývat)
- construct – each indiv. is a personal construct, each is different
- 0 looking for tools
→ magic realism – contradictory
2) deconstruction – by methods, structures → incompleteness = aim
- X classical: accomplishment, perfection
- disturb by fragmentation – several endings - present not reality but artefact – it’s not reality → authorial commentaries
- intertextuality = interruption by other texts; happening, activity, initiative
- in visual art, hard to define
- 1960s – US, Britain, France a) connection to modernism
b) X modernism
John Fowles – 1926-2006 – novelist
The Collector (1963) – short novel - psychol. thriller ( filmed
- low class y. man Clegg admiring very clever girl Miranda, kidnaps her, keeps her in the cellar as long as she loves him → tragic ending – Clegg is limited, not so intelligent as her
( Shakespeare - The Tempest – Miranda, Clegg ≈ Caliban
( Peter Greenaway – Prosperous Books - movie
The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1969) – not very readable – set in Victor. time ( filmed
- characters – more versions – Tragedy, Romance, FLW – nicknames of the main heroin according to her attitude
- interruptions – real Victor. habits, clotlhes, sex
- anachronisms
Salman Rushdie - *1947 – Pakistani origin – Bombay – magic realism - not easy to read
- 10y. – boarding school in Br. – felt lonely, different→ always writes ab. individuals who don’t belong to anywhere
- self-confident, isolated, well-off
Midnight Children (1981) – break-through – a person born on the day when India became independent
- rich fantasy features, fairy tale, realistic description - allegory of indian history, cultural events
Satanic Verses (1988) – long novel – ridicules everything, offends everyone (the Queen, Mohamad) ( fatwa – each Muslim has a duty to kill him – offending X freedom of speech
Fury (2000)