zkouška - otázky

each justice X lawyers
Little Dorrit – romantic. - prison for debts – girl
William Makepeace Thackery - 1811-1863 – born in India – parents Anglo-Indian officials, more sceptical
- the greatest critic of 19th cent. life –as great writer as Dickens
- satirize, critical realist, happy endings, longer
Vanity Fair (1848)–alegorical town called Vanity Fair – futile (= psych. empty) life – parallel to life of his time → sceptical - y. women Amelia – good, nice, not very clever, inocent, honourable X Becky – selfish, clever, determined
( Bunyans – Pilgrim‘s Progress
Barry Lyndon – long saga – y. man – picaresque, histor. novel – going to become worse person – very sceptical
Bronte Sisters
- Yorkshire countryside – moors (vřesoviště)- Haworth (now museum)
- mother died - 4 syblings – Charlotte, Emily, Branwell, Anne
- boarding schools – Charlotte, Emily – strict, hungry, cold
- only hobby – write stories, read them to each other, quite readable - ↑ psychol., ↓ social class
Charlote -1816-1855- critical real. + rom. features
The Professor – y. woman in love with sch. director → marry X ( her life – travelled to Belgium, taught at girl school → returned back to England
Jane Eyre – exceptional, mystery in the house ║Dickens
Villette – name of N Eng. town
Emily – 1818-1848– great poe
Wuthering Hights (=stormy weather) – myster. aspects, psychol., pasion of characters
( Shakespeare – King Lear – weather, moors, Othello – superhuman passion –evil char., MacBeth – passion, mystery
- point of view of servant woman Nelly → limited – she may not understand it properly
George Eliot – woman – Mary Ann Evans – chose man’s name as pseudonym
- countryside novels – set in country, lonely farms, village poe
The Mill on the Floss (1860) – miller‘s family, shows village peo– brother and sister – tragic ending
Silas Marner (1861) – a weaver (tkadlec) – greed, finds a little girl, brings her up, overcomes his greedness

6) Late Victorian Prose – From Stevenson to Hardy
Late Victorian Period - 1870s – 1901
- naturalism – negative aspects of life –much realistic than realists, exact, true – 0 pure auth. (naturalist = nat. scientists too)
- decadence – only 1 author ( Emile Zola – The Human Beast
- predetermination /predestination – deny free will - !fate – no real decission of human, no influence of our own life
( USA: Theodore Dreiser, Jack London (wild life)
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) – more complex - tragedies, depressive picture of helplessness of human in the hands of fate
- fate X free wil → fatal fault of each character
- classic of Eng. countryside – more psychol. insides – set in Dorchester country – Wessex
- later no novel, only prose
The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) ( Jean Valjean (Hugo- Les Miserables) – in prison in the past, committed real crime, late became a mayor
Tess of the d’Urbevilles ( Hugo – human misery, weakness, original name: A Poor Woman ( filmed by R. Polanski
- poor family called Durbyfield, father’s ambition to restore the aristocr. aspects of the family
- woman heroin of aricrost. origin - seduced by Alec, their baby dies → later meets Angel – in love, doesn’t know her past, tells him at wedding night, leaves her → Tess becomes totally desperate, kills Alec, is hanged
Jude of Obscure (1896) – Juda prosťáček – very intelligent, clever, talented y. man, unfortunate life ( filmed
- poor family, wants to study architecture, weakness for woman, inclinates to drinking → marry Anabella, a child, bad woman, doesn’t love her, meet new woman, in love→ shocking – oldest child murders younger syblings and himself
Joseph Conrad – 1857-1924 – not naturalist, psychol. realism – problem of conscience
- lyrical novels, focuses on internal and external; hard to read – words chioce – inter.
- Polish origin – Josef Korzenowski – in 16 y. escaped, parents killed → Fr. smuggler → Br.
- captain of Br. navy → sea novel – set at sea ( Defoe, Melville, London (US)
Lord Jim (1900) – naval officer – a ship starts to sink, leaves it, but it doesn’t sink → persecuted, it was a betrayal → lives on a Pacific island – helps local peo to make up their living
Heart of Darkness (1902) – novela ( Lord of the Flies – darkness of human heart
- main char. – narrator Engl. person who lives in Afr. - river Kongo – canibalist tribes → savage
- athmosphere is more important than the plot
Aestheticism = decadence
Robert Luis Stevenson – 1850-1894 – not aesthetic but very close to it – Scottish → setting in Sc.
- lived in Edinburgh, late on Samoa islands (Pacific), died on Uppolo – inhabited by canibals, no Englishman went there, but he became friendly with them
- split personality problem ( Wilde’s Dorian Gray
- love with married older woman - stepson
Treasure Island (1883) – written for his stepson – adventurous, great style, wonderful characterisation ( Neruda
- 12 y. boy – Jim Hawking searches for treasure, honest X John Silver – pirate, 1 leg – not black and white
- entwicklungsroman; ( filmed a lot
Kidnapped (1886) – historical novel - 18th cent. Scotland (Highlands) ( Walter Scott - short, filmed
- 18y. man- David – develops, carriage, conscience, travels ar. Sc. – description
Master of Ballantrae
The Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) – psych. thriller - mysterious – 1 of founders ( Poe
Oscar Wilde – 1854-1900 – witty, smart (often quoted, paradoxical,beauty / misery, suffering
- consciously reflects misery – in prison he realised it
- homosexual (illegal) – trial – Alfred Doughlas relationship → 2 y. in prison (1895-97) – broke his health down
- conversational comedies – funny dialogues – cynical in his time - when in prison – premieres of his dramas:
De Profundis = Out of the Depths (Z hlubin) – book of songs – prayer, written in prison
- fairy tales: The Nightingale and the Rose, The Young King, Happy Prince, The Selfish Giant
The Picture of Dorian Grey (1891) – very influential
Rudyard Kipling – 1865-1936 – * in Bombay – father headmaster of art school
- 7-8y. - sent to Eng. to be educated with his sister– at fosterparents – tyranic, strict, became almost blind (read in bad light) → feeling of isolation, being social outcast, 0 univ. → in 17y. back to India – journalist → married Amer. woman, lived in USA, 2 children
- 1st NP winner in Br (1907) – for prose and poe
- belongs to both victorian and 20th cent. lit., to 3 cultures, 1 of begin. of scouting, gender problems
- offered to be Sir but refused → controversial
Plain Tales of the Hills (1888) – collection of short stories - 1st founder of short story writing
The Jungle Book (1894) – 8 short stories – ab. animals all around the world
The Second Jungle Book (1896) – Mowglie Stories – 3 stories ab.
- later he recollected it – only 8 stories ab. Mowglie = The Jungle Book, the rest in The Second Jungle Book
- an entwicklungsroman = a novel of development
- Baloo the Bear, Kao the Snake, wolf pack – 1st who made animals the main heroes
- osolation of Mawglie by both communites – animal/human –live in a village → back to jungle
- poetic, sad, pains of maturing – each story introduced and ended by a poem
- Law of the Jungle – selfdiscipline, obedience, freedom, no killing for pleasure
( Zd. Hobzík translation, ( London, Tarzan
Barrack-Room Ballads (1892) – soldiers stay – 1st used colloquial speech, cockeny ( Walt Whitman (US)
Kim (1901) – novel- Eng. boy, parents killed, brought up in Indian family, by coincidence he finds out he’s an Englishman – adventurous
7) Victorian poetry
Alfred Lord Tennyson - 1809- 1892 – official poet of Victor. lit. – since 1850 – Poet Laureate
The Idylls of the King – long epic ab. king Arthur – popular, readable
Robert Browning -1812-1889 – not so innovative, no 1 in victor. lit.
- created a new genre – dramatic monologue – by reading monologue the reader recognises the speaker’s personality
My Last Duchesse (My Dear Dead Wife) – Duke of Ferrara – Italy ( renes.
- duke shows the visitors his gallery, portrait of 17y. woman – explains his love to her, she was poisoned by him
The Ring and the Book – epic poem ab. Ital. renaisance
Elizabeth Barret Browning – a wife of Robert Browning – older than him, 40y. when they met, he was 30y., she hadnicapped, her father kept her at home, propsed, escaped to Italy – happy marriage, 1 son
Sonnets from the Portuguese ( Shakespeare – very beautiful, passionat love to man – clas. Pertarc. sonnets
- when publ. she pretended it comes from reanis. Port. lit. – unusual at her time
Gerald Manley Hopkins 1844-1889– innovative, publ. in 1918 by R Bridges who discovered it
- jesuite order, priest in Dublin, poe too secular he couldn’t publ. it during his life - Poems

8) Drama at the Turn of the Century
- 19th cent. – Oscar Wilde, G.B. Shaw
- 20th. cent – Shaw, Yeats, Synge – Irish , * in Dublin (except of Synge)
Oscar Wilde – 1854-1900 – witty, smart (often quoted, paradoxical,beauty / misery, suffering
- consciously reflects misery – in prison he realised it
- homosexual (illegal) – trial – Alfred Doughlas relationship → 2 y. in prison (1895-97) – broke his health down
- conversational comedies – funny dialogues – cynical in his time - when in prison – premieres of his dramas:
An Ideal Husband – paradoxes
The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) – popular – earnest = serious X Ernest pretends (in Czech: Filip)
De Profundis = Out of the Depths (Z hlubin) – book of songs – prayer, written in prison
- fairy tales: The Nightingale and the Rose, The Young King, Happy Prince, The Selfish Giant
The Picture of Dorian Grey (1891) – very influential
George Bernard Shaw – 1856-1950 - * Dublin – socialist - Fabian society – other works are boring – 1925- NP
Pygmalion – problem drama = introduces a problem, opinions - phil., polit. problems, lively – social – high/low class characters – now not so popular – there are dif. problems – not topical X Wilde – to amuse
- put much stress readers to understand everything, so he writes long introductions → didactic
- Mr. Higgins – teacher of phonetics – correct language X florist Lisa
( My Fair Lady – another ending
Saint Joan – history of execution of Joan of Arc, fascinated by her, non-fiction – comic features
William Butler Yeats – 1865-1939 – Ireland, poe, drama
- NP for poe (1923) – not counted among Br. but Ir.
- dramas in verses – Irish mythology, history – Celtic revival
- Abbey Theatre – Abbey Str., Dublin – founded 1903, directed – supporting Irish nation. feelings
Celtic Twilight – spec. atmosphere of old celtic myths
→ Chuchulain – Ir. hero – mythol. – round 1st cent. AD ( Borovský – Král Lávra – Kukulín
→ Deidra - heroin- tragic love
The Rose (1893) – collection of poe – patriotic, innovative – rose = symbol of Ireland
Words for Music Perhaps
– then he wrote modernist poe – he and T.S.Eliot concerned to be the greatest modernist poets
John Millington Synge – 1871-1909 – unconventional, plays staged in Abbey Theatre
The Playboy of the Western World (1907) – Hrdina západu – after playing – riots against(1907)
- ridiculed some Ir. qualities – uneduc., primitive- main character – from Aran Island –backworld, very west, buran
- cool drama = tragic comedy, cruel - the most terrible things in human life- comed. ending, hard spots
- the boy thinks he has killed his drunk father and escapes, father is alive

9) Modernism
2 centres: Paris – constitud by Am. wirters – Gertrude Stein – a rich woman , poet, novelist – supported y. wirters (Hemingway) – author of the name “Lost Generation“
London – more important
Bloomsbury Group – meeting place of modern. writers – in Woolf’s house in Bloomsbury in London – now museum
V. Woolf, T.S.Eliot, D.M.Lawrence
Virginia Woolf – 1882-1941 - creator of lyrical novel – impressions, stream-of-consc.
- husband – journalist; bisexual ( Orlando- changes from man to woman
- stream of consciousness – technique of writing
Mrs. Dalloway (1925) – describes 1 day in the life of middle class woman – what happens, she thinks, feels, remembers – in her mind – not concentrate on events
Orlando – y.man in Renais. Italy, Victor. England, woman – suicide – drunk – burning of London ( filmed – hours
- 4 lyrical novels:
To the Lighthouse (1927) – passing of time – reflects conditions in her own family – dominant father, mother †, loved mother→ disregardful feelings of children
Waves
James Joyce – 1882-1941- * in Dublin, 1 of 10 children – greatest novelist – not member of BG
- left Ireland in 25 y. → Italy, Switzerland - poor
- lyrical novel, stream of consc., extreme talent for lang. (teacher)
( Nora – biograph. movie about him - partner, married her later, 2 children – picture ofhis life
Dubliners (1914) – short stories – atmosph. of old Dublin
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man – visual art – typ. bildungsroman – crucial changes of the character
- Stephen Dedalus – his autobio – rebel, erotics – the name from Ulysses ( Šrámek – Stříbrný vítr
Ulysses (1922) – lyrical big novel, exper. ( Mrs. Dolloway – stream of consc., more accomplished
- 1 day in the life of Stephen Dedalus (( Daidalos – Greek mythol.), lovely Dublin atmosph., inner feelings
- love stroy – Stephen + Moly (+)– wife of Leopold Bloom, a pub keeper (-)
Finnegan’s Wake (Plačky nad Finneganem) (1939) – irish folksong – how peo get drunk → F. gets out of the coffin, is awake – humorous- inside a mind of a drunk pub keeper – more experiments with lng.- Russian verse
- 0 trad. sentence structure → unitelligible: e.g.: Wrath of God (hněv boží): God →Bog = Russ. word for God, in Eng. močál ( Clockwell Orange
David Herbert Lawrence – 1885-1930 - * Nottingham – not member of BG, but sometimes visited
- more tradit. in writing techniq. X innovative in: content (erotics), reflecting psychoanalysis ((Freud), social background (worker class – father was a miner)
- free verse, rhytmicised prose
- lit. theory – critic – most appreciated essays in Engl. lit – founder of moder Eng. lit. criticism
Sons and Lovers (1913) - relationship within a family – autobio ( filmed
- tyranic father, depressed, intelectual mother → Oidipus complex ( = strong rel. of a son to his mother)
Lady Chatterly’s Lover (1928) – most controvesial – open erotic scenes ( filmed
- tradit. content – y. lover, woman, her husband
Thomas Sterns Eliot – 1888-1965 – innovative poet - NP (1948) ( Walt Whitman
- American, studied at Harward, since 25y. lived in Britain – Br. citizenship (1927)
- founder of modern liter. criticism
Prufrock and Other Observations (1917) – collection
- Alfred J. Prufrock – nesympat. speaker – shallowness of peo’s mind
The Waste Land (1922) – WW1 reflection ( Lost Gener.- rough land – waste land of human souls after WW1
( easter philos.- Hindu- sophisticated, readable, natural
Ash Wednesday (1930) – reconciliation – being thoroughful for one’s guilt – spiritual – beaut. images ( Březina
- dramas in verse: ( clas. Greek tragedy
Murder in the Cathedral (1935) – Th. Becket murder, 12th cent, Cantenbury Cath. – readable, + chorus (( Greek)- comments on the story – free ve