zkouška - otázky

SOUTH AFRICA
Peter Abrahams
(born  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919" \o "1919" 1919) is a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" \o "South Africa" South African  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel" \o "Novel" novelist.
He was born in the poor township of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vrededorp&action=edit" \o "Vrededorp" Vrededorp, but left South Africa in 1939, working first as a sailor, and then as a journalist in London before settling in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" \o "Jamaica" Jamaica in 1956. One of South Africa's most prominent  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black" \o "Black" black writers, his work deals with political and social issues, especially with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" \o "Racism" racism.
His novel, Mine Boy (1946), one of the first works to bring him to critical attention, and his memoir Tell Freedom (1954) deal in part with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" \o "Apartheid" apartheid. His other works include the story collection Dark Testament (1942) and the novels A Wreath for Udomo (1956), A Night of Their Own (1965), the Jamaica-set This Island Now (1966, the only one of his novels not set in Africa) and The View from Coyaba (1985).

Alex La Guma
( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925" \o "1925" 1925 – HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_11" \o "October 11"  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985" \o "1985" 1985) was a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" \o "South Africa" South African  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" \o "Novelist" novelist, leader of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Coloured_People%27s_Organisation&action=edit" \o "South African Coloured People's Organisation" South African Coloured People's Organisation (SACPO) and a defendant in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason_Trial" \o "Treason Trial" Treason Trial, whose works helped characterise the movement against the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_apartheid_era" \o "History of South Africa in the apartheid era" apartheid era in South Africa. La Guma's vivid style, distinctive dialogue, and realistic, sympathetic portrayal of oppressed groups have made him one of the most notable  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_African_writers" \o "List of South African writers" South African writers of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century" \o "20th century" 20th century. La Guma was awarded the 1969  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lotus_Prize&action=edit" \o "Lotus Prize" Lotus Prize for Literature.
La Guma was born in district six,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town" \o "Cape Town" Cape Town. After graduating from a technical school in 1945, he was an active member of the Plant Workers Union of the Metal Box Company. He was fired after organizing a strike, and he became active in politics, joining the Young Communists League in 1947 and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" \o "South African Communist Party" South African Communist Party in 1948. He published his first short story, 'Nocturn' in 1957. Although La Guma was an inspiration of and inspired by the growing resistance to apartheid, notably the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" \o "Black Consciousness Movement" Black Consciousness Movement, his connection to these groups was indirect, as he left South Africa in 1966 and spent the rest of his life in exile.
La Guma's works include the following:
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lemon_Orchard&action=edit" \o "The Lemon Orchard" The Lemon Orchard
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Night" \o "A Walk in the Night" A Walk in the Night (1962)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_a_Threefold_Cord&action=edit" \o "And a Threefold Cord" And a Threefold Cord (1964)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Stone-Country&action=edit" \o "The Stone-Country" The Stone-Country (1965)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Fog_of_the_Season%27s_End&action=edit" \o "In the Fog of the Season's End" In the Fog of the Season's End (1972)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_of_the_Butcherbird&action=edit" \o "Time of the Butcherbird" Time of the Butcherbird (1979)

Nadine Gordimer
(born  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923" \o "1923" 1923) is a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" \o "South Africa" South African  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer" \o "Writer" writer, political activist and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_literature" \o "Nobel Prize in literature" Nobel Prize in literature  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureate" \o "Nobel laureate" laureate. Her writing has long dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" \o "Apartheid" apartheid in South Africa. She was active in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" \o "African National Congress" African National Congress during the days when the organization was banned. She has recently been active in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS" \o "HIV/AIDS" HIV/AIDS causes.
Gordimer has achieved lasting international recognition for her works, most of which deal with political issues, as well as the moral and psychological tensions of her racially divided home country. Virtually all of Gordimer's works deal with themes of love and politics, particularly concerning race in South Africa. Always questioning power relations and truth, Gordimer tells stories of ordinary people, revealing moral ambiguities and choices. Her characterization is nuanced, revealed more through the choices her characters make than through their claimed identities and beliefs. She also weaves in subtle details within the character's names.
Novels
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lying_Days&action=edit" \o "The Lying Days" The Lying Days (1953)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_World_of_Strangers&action=edit" \o "A World of Strangers" A World of Strangers (1958)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occasion_for_Loving&action=edit" \o "Occasion for Loving" Occasion for Loving (1963)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Late_Bourgeois_World&action=edit" \o "The Late Bourgeois World" The Late Bourgeois World (1966)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Guest_of_Honour&action=edit" \o "A Guest of Honour" A Guest of Honour (1970)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conservationist" \o "The Conservationist" The Conservationist (1974) - Joint winner of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_prize" \o "Booker prize" Booker prize in 1974
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger%27s_Daughter" \o "Burger's Daughter" Burger's Daughter (1979)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%27s_People" \o "July's People" July's People (1981)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sport_of_Nature&action=edit" \o "A Sport of Nature" A Sport of Nature (1987)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Son%27s_Story&action=edit" \o "My Son's Story" My Son's Story (1990)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=None_to_Accompany_Me&action=edit" \o "None to Accompany Me" None to Accompany Me (1994)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_Gun&action=edit" \o "The House Gun" The House Gun (1998)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pickup" \o "The Pickup" The Pickup (2001)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_a_Life_%28novel%29" \o "Get a Life (novel)" Get a Life (2005)



Plays
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_First_Circle_%28Nadine_Gordimer_play%29&action=edit" \o "The First Circle (Nadine Gordimer play)" The First Circle (1949)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" \o "Nobel Prize for Literature" Nobel Prize for Literature (1991)

André Philippus Brink
(born  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_in_South_Africa" \o "1935 in South Africa" 1935 in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrede" \o "Vrede" Vrede) is a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" \o "South Africa" South African  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel" \o "Novel" novelist. He writes in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_language" \o "Afrikaans language" Afrikaans and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" \o "English language" English and is a Professor of English at the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" \o "University of Cape Town" University of Cape Town.
In the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s" \o "1960s" 1960s, he and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breyten_Breytenbach" \o "Breyten Breytenbach" Breyten Breytenbach were key figures in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans" \o "Afrikaans" Afrikaans literary movement known as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Sestigers" \o "Die Sestigers" Die Sestigers ("The Sixty-ers"). These writers sought to use Afrikaans as a language to speak against the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" \o "Apartheid" apartheid government, and also to bring into  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_literature" \o "Afrikaans literature" Afrikaans literature the influence of contemporary  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" \o "English literature" English and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature" \o "French literature" French trends. His novel Kennis van die aand ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973" \o "1973" 1973) was the first Afrikaans book to be banned by the South African government.
Brink writes his works simultaneously in English and Afrikaans.
Initially, André Brink's oeuvre was mainly concerned with the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid" \o "Apartheid" apartheid policy. His more recent work is generally regarded as postcolonial.
Works
The Ambassador
Looking on Darkness
An Instant in the Wind
Rumours of Rain
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dry_White_Season" \o "A Dry White Season" A Dry White Season
A Chain of Voices
The Wall of the Plague
States of Emergency
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Act_of_Terror" \o "An Act of Terror" An Act of Terror
The First Life of Adamastor (1993)
On the Contrary
Imaginings of Sand
Devil's Valley
The Rights of Desire
Anderkant die Stilte (2002), translated as The Other Side of Silence
Before I Forget (2004)
Praying Mantis (2005)
Dennis Vincent Brutus
(born  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924" \o "1924" 1924,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury%2C_Rhodesia" \o "Salisbury, Rhodesia" Salisbury, Rhodesia) is a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" \o "South Africa" South African  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" \o "Poet" poet. A graduate of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Fort_Hare" \o "University of Fort Hare" University of Fort Hare and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" \o "University of the Witwatersrand" University of the Witwatersrand, Brutus was formerly on the faculty of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Denver" \o "University of Denver" University of Denver and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University" \o "Northwestern University" Northwestern University.
Brutus was forbidden to teach, write and publish in South Africa. Sirens, Knuckles and Boots, his first collection of poetry, was published in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" \o "Nigeria" Nigeria while he was in prison. The book was awarded the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbari_Poetry_Prize&action=edit" \o "Mbari Poetry Prize" Mbari Poetry Prize, awarded to a black poet of distinction, but Brutus turned it down on the grounds of its racial exclusivity. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Brutus" \l "_note-1" \o ""
After he was released, Brutus fled South Africa. In 1983, Brutus won the right to stay in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" \o "United States" United States as a political refugee, after a protracted legal struggle. He was "unbanned" in 1990. He is the Professor Emeritus of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" \o "University of Pittsburgh" University of Pittsburgh. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Brutus" \l "_note-2" \o "" [3] He has now returned to South Africa and is based at the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal" \o "University of KwaZulu-Natal" University of KwaZulu-Natal
Published collections
Sirens Knuckles and Boots (Mbari Productions, 1963).
Letters to Martha and Other Poems from a South African Prison (Heinemann, 1968).
Poems from Algiers(African and Afro-American Studies and Research Institute, 1970).
A Simple Lust (Heinemann, 1973).
China Poems (African and Afro-American studies and Research Centre, 1975).
Stubborn Hope (Three Continents Press/Heinemann, 1978).
Salutes and Censures (Fourth Dimension, 1982).
Airs & Tributes (Whirlwind Press, 1989).
Still the Sirens (Pennywhistle Press, 1993).
Remembering Soweto, ed. Lamont B. Steptoe (Whirlwind Press, 2004).
Leafdrift, ed. Lamont B. Steptoe (Whirlwind Press, 2005).
Poetry and Protest: A Dennis Brutus Reader (Haymarket Books, 2006).

Sir Laurens Jan van der Post
( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906" \o "1906" 1906 – HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996" \o "1996" 1996) was a famous 20th century  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner" \o "Afrikaner" Afrikaner author of many  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" \o "Book" books,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer" \o "Farmer" farmer,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero" \o "Hero" war hero,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adviser" \o "wikt:adviser" political adviser to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" \o "United Kingdom" British heads of government,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent" \o "Godparent" godparent of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William" \o "Prince William" Prince William, educator,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" \o "Journalist" journalist,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian" \o "Humanitarian" humanitarian,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" \o "Philosopher" philosopher,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer" \o "Explorer" explorer, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservationist" \o "Conservationist" conservationist.
Selected works
In a Province, 1934
Venture to the Interior, 1952
Flamingo Feather, 1955
The Lost World of the Kalahari, 1958
The Heart of the Hunter, 1961
The Seed and the Sower, 1963
A Journey into Russia, 1964
The Night of the New Moon, August 6, 1945... Hiroshima, 1970 (US title: The Prisoner and the Bomb)
Jung and the Story of Our Time, 1975
Yet Being Someone Other, 1982
The Admiral's Baby, 1996

NIGERIA
Amos Tutuola
( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920" \o "1920" 1920 -  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997" \o "1997" 1997) was a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" \o "Nigeria" Nigerian  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer" \o "Writer" writer famous for his books based in part on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people" \o "Yoruba people" Yoruba  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" \o "Folklore" folk-tales.
Tutuola was born in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta" \o "Abeokuta" Abeokuta, Nigeria, in 1920, where his parents Charles and Esther were  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people" \o "Yoruba people" Yoruba  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" \o "Christian" Christian  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa" \o "Cocoa" cocoa farmers. When about 7 years old, he became a servant for F.O. Monu, an  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibo" \o "Ibo" Ibo man, who sent Tutuola to the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army" \o "Salvation Army" Salvation Army primary school in lieu of wages. At age 12 he attended the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglican_Central_School%2C_Abeokuta&action=edit" \o "Anglican Central School, Abeokuta" Anglican Central School in Abeokuta. His brief education was limited to six years (from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934" \o "1934" 1934 to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939" \o "1939" 1939). When his father died in 1939, Tutuola left school to train as a blacksmith, which trade he practised from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942" \o "1942" 1942 to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" \o "1945" 1945 for the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" \o "Royal Air Force" Royal Air Force in Nigeria. He subsequently tried a number of other vocations, including selling bread and acting as messenger for the Nigerian Department of Labor. In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946" \o "1946" 1946, Tutuola completed his first full-length book,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palm-Wine_Drinkard" \o "The Palm-Wine Drinkard" The Palm-Wine Drinkard, within a few days. In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947" \o "1947" 1947 he married Victoria Alake, with whom he had four sons and four daughters.
Selected bibliography
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palm-Wine_Drinkard" \o "The Palm-Wine Drinkard" The Palm-Wine Drinkard ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946" \o "1946" 1946, published  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952" \o "1952" 1952)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Life_in_the_Bush_of_Ghosts_%28book%29" \o "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (book)" My Life in the Bush of Ghosts ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954" \o "1954" 1954)
Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955" \o "1955" 1955)
The Brave African Huntress ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958" \o "1958" 1958)
The Feather Woman of the Jungle ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962" \o "1962" 1962)
Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967" \o "1967" 1967)
The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981" \o "1981" 1981)
The Wile Hunter in the Bush of Ghosts ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982" \o "1982" 1982)
Yoruba Folktales ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986" \o "1986" 1986)
Pauper, Brawler and Slanderer ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987" \o "1987" 1987)
The Village Witch Doctor and Other Stories ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990" \o "1990" 1990)

Christopher Ifekandu Okigbo
( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932" \o "1932" 1932– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967" \o "1967" 1967) was a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" \o "Nigeria" Nigerian  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry" \o "Poetry" poet, who died fighting for the independence of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" \o "Biafra" Biafra. He is today widely acknowledged as the outstanding postcolonial English-language African poet and one of the major modernist writers of the twentieth century.
Upon graduating in 1956, he held a succession of jobs in various locations throughout the country, while making his first forays into poetry. He worked at the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigerian_Tobacco_Company&action=edit" \o "Nigerian Tobacco Company" Nigerian Tobacco Company,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Africa_Company&action=edit" \o "United Africa Company" United Africa Company, the Fiditi Grammar School (where he taught Latin), and finally as Assistant Librarian at the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nigeria" \o "University of Nigeria" University of Nigeria in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsukka" \o "Nsukka" Nsukka, where he helped to found the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Authors_Association&action=edit" \o "African Authors Association" African Authors Association.
During those years, he began publishing his work in various journals, notably  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Orpheus_%28journal%29&action=edit" \o "Black Orpheus (journal)" Black Orpheus, a literary journal intended to bring together the best works of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_literature" \o "African literature" African and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" \o "African American" African American writers. While his poetry can be read in part as powerful expression of postcolonial African nationalism, he was adamantly opposed to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negritude" \o "Negritude" Negri