zkouška - otázky

Ordinal
1 án 1. forma, formesta, áersta, fyreste
2 twá 2. óţer
3 ţrie, ţréo 3. ţridda
4 féower 4. féo(we)rţa
5 fíf 5. fífta
11 en(d)le(o)fan (anáf) 11. en(d)le(o)fta
12 twelf (twáléf) 12. twelfta
70 hundreotontiз 70. hundreofontiзoţa
100 hundréntiз, hund 100. hundteontiзoţa
1000 ţúsend
- chaos – numerals 11, 12 – one left, two left – the year was divided into 12 month × they
used decimal system;


Development of weak preterit

dhadhami (past tense “to do”)
dádum – pg.
dédum – pg.
don (dón) – sta.
d, t (weak preterit)

- example sta. hieran (to hear) = gót. hánsjan
- hánsjan – preterit in plural: hansidédum
hansidédum
hansidédum

Verbs → athematic (béon, gán, dón, willan);
→ thematic (string, weak)
Strong verbs – 7 classes
- first 5 classes – unified group = qualitative ablaut ratio e/o (e = present, o = preterit Sg,)
- by the vowel locality, in which stands the ablaut /e/, we can recognize 5 groups;
- 6. group = quantitative ablaut (present pg /a/, preterit sg. /o/);
- 7. group – differentiated, before the stem syllable comes one more syllable;
(composed from the beginning of the consonant stem and usually /e/);

Athematic verbs

- béon (resp. weswn), dón, gán, willan;
- the forms of the verb béon is derived from 4 stems;

bheu /viz.čs. býti)
es (čs. jest)
ues (čs. vesna - was, were – následek rotacismu “wisest”)
or (Aj. Are) “órnými”
- Aj. es→ is – it came to an i-ablaut, original form esti → ist
- to go – wendan (you went – výsledek dhadhami);
Conjugation of the verb ”to be”

- ind. present;

Sg. 1. eom, béo (2 possibilities)
2. eart, bist
3. is, biţ

Pl. sind, béoţ
sindon, angel. earon (predecessor of “are”);

- Infinitive – béon nebo wesan;

- ide. preterit;

Sg. 1. waes Pl. wáeron
2. wáere
3. waes


Middle English

- time span: 1100 – 1250 (early ME)
1250 – 1400 (ordinary ME)
1400 – 1500 (late ME)

- dialects of OE: 1) Northumbrian + Mercian
2) Wessex
3) Kentish
- dialects in ME: 1) Northern (the Humber)
2) Central (the Thames)
3) Southern
Changes in orthography from sta. to ME
áe → / /é/
ae → a; faet → fat
ţ → th
đ → th
* some scribers: ţ = Y (Ye Boar Inn);
- - sometimes – střaj. W, což → uu (double u);
- besides з was used French g;
- in central dialect g marks explosives (gold), з spirant (зelden);
- from sta. h /x/ → gh (niht → night);
- f (between vowels) → u (náefre → neuer);
- cw → qu (cwén →queen);
- sta. c → střa. k (cyning → king);
- sometimes symbol c before e and I (under Norman influence) is pronounced /s/ (cite,
receiven);
- palatal /k´/ , maybe pronounced in sta. /č/, sounds in střa. certainly /č/ a is represented by the
diagraph ch (cild → child);
- palatal /sk´/ in střa /š/ - is written with diagraphs sch, sh or ss;
- ý → u (cyrce →church = církev);
- from sta. u is written o (if there stands somewhere letter n, m, u, w = uu);
- sunu → sone → son
- cumman → comen → come
- ú → ou (hús → house);
- ú at the end of words = ow (cú → cow);
- ai → ay, ei → ey, oi → oy, au → aw, eu → ew;
Sta > Střa. – Adjectives
By weakening of the suffixes in voiceless syllables came to that that forms of the weak flexion were similar as the strong flexion. – from the half of the 13.century – nominative singular and also the whole plural were universalized;
Then came into plural the suffix –e and adjectives became indeclinable;

Escalation: to the basic Germanic principle approaches the roman one (after 1300);

ex. sta. máre, máert > střa. móre, mést
- pozn. Superlative móst was originated in the analogy according to the comparative;
Střa. Numerals
- besides the forms ending with a vowel, there are cardinals 4-19 also in the inflected
form (-es);
ex. five, sevene, sixteen etc.
- cardinal 1 is in střa. differentiated according to the following phone (sandhi) ón, ó > joining
of the consonant and vowel – from Sanskrit – an old house);
- by ordinals appear new numerals (second – in sřa., numeral 1 – originally a numeral, today
indefinite article);
- older “óţer” > another, other, else;
- multiple numerals ones, twíes = in reality original genitive suffix;
Pronouns in ME
notes: OE héo > hjó > çó > ME šo, še
Personal pronouns Object case

ich (north ik) mé (me)
ţon ţé
hé him
sché hire (hir)
hit (it) hit (it)


Possessive pronouns

mín a ţín (mí, ţí) = na. mine > my
thine > they

- in střa., there is valid santhi / his - all the time his
(přivlastňovací zájmeno končí na –n nebo –ne , podle toho, co nsleduje. Když samoláska,
pak – n);
ME demonstrative pronouns
OE sé – séo – ţaet > ME ţé (ţe)
OE pl. ţás > ME ţóse
>>> weak deixis;
- the original sta. pronoun ţes, ţéos, ţis (tento, tato, toto) – strong deixis- unified in střa. into
neutral form of ţis (Chaucer’s time);
- for the plural is used ţés, that continued > ţése > these;
Reflexive pronouns
- sta. os. zájmena + adj. seolf;
- 13. stol >>> myself, ţiself;


Early Modern English

Vocabulary

- abounding with borrowings;
- purism – back to the 14th century;
- note – borrowings from Latin – in written form;

Grammar

- verbs tenses (perfect + past perfect came into existence – framework construction;
- 3rd person of singular (suffix th > read –/¨s/, /z/);
- strong × weak verbs (progressive verbs – from strong verbs × weak ones);

ex. wash – washen, help – holpen > 17., 18th century – washed, helped;

- possessive case (from the 2nd case – EME – without apostrophe;
- pronouns (1st case, object case – no other forms exist, dual fall away;
- that × who, which – that was strongly used to the beginning of the 18th century
(R. Steal – some kind of defense of “who” and “which”;

Pronunciation

- the 16th century pronunciation is less different from today’s pronunciation than from the
pronunciation of the 14th century;
- the pronunciation of English changed from the continental (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) towards
insular dramatically from the 9th century to the 16th century = calles GREAT VOWEL
SHIFT (1400 – 1650);
Combinations of consonants
- wr (drop out);
- mb (drop out);
- ng > (king);
- t + j and d + j > tš, dž (assibilation);


I) Sta. paradigms
- vowel stems sta. of declension of nouns are:
a - stems, o – stems, i – stems, u – stems
Thematic declension
1) vowel stems = strong declension
A – stems (masculine, neuters);
- masculine paradigms 3: stán, dćз, ćcer (ečr) - pole

Sg.
Pl.
N. stán
stánas
G. stánes
stána
D. stáne
stánum
A. stán
stánas


Sg.
Pl.
N. daeз
daзgas /dagas/
G. daeзes
daзa
D. daeзe
daзum
A. daeз
daзas
Sg.
Pl.
N. aecer
aecres/ekres/
G. aecres
aecra
D. aecre
aecrum
A. aecer
aecras
2) Consonant stems
- N stems (weak declension) – all genders are put in here;
- n stems masculine (sta. зuma – člověk)
sg. зuma pl. зuman
зuman зumena
зuman зumum (from this form we cannot decide wheatear it is weak or strong noun)
зuman зuman
II) Strong verbs – 7 classes
- first 5 classes – unified group = qualitative ablaut ratio e/o (e = present, o = preterit Sg,)
- by the vowel locality, in which stands the ablaut /e/, we can recognize 5 groups;
- 6. group = quantitative ablaut (present pg /a/, preterit sg. /o/);
- 7. group – differentiated, before the stem syllable comes one more syllable;
(composed from the beginning of the consonant stem and usually /e/);



III) Athematic verbs

- béon (resp. wesan), dón, gán, willan;


VI) 4 origins of the verb “to be”

- the forms of the verb béon is derived from 4 stems;
bheu /viz.čs. býti)
es (čs. jest)
ues (čs. vesna - was, were – následek rotacismu “wisest”)
or (Aj. Are) “órnými”
- Aj. es→ is – it came to an i-ablaut, original form esti → ist
- to go – wendan (you went – výsledek dhadhami);
Conjugation of the verb ”to be”

- ind. present;

Sg. 1. eom, béo (2 possibilities)
2. eart, bist
3. is, biţ

Pl. sind, béoţ
sindon, angel. earon (predecessor of “are”);

- Infinitive – béon nebo wesan;

- ide. preterit;

Sg. 1. waes Pl. wáeron
2. wáere
3. waes




V) Declension and escalation of adjectives (sta.)

- declension – in ide. after the same paradigm as declension of substantives;
- in pg., except of the original flexion of adjectives identical with the flexion of
substantive vowel paradigms, there exist also adjective flexion identical with
the flexion of the N stems;
(in lat. adjectives → nick names → names)
rufus (ryšavý) → Rufo (zrzek)

- weak form are mainly used after demonstratives and possessive pronouns;

(ex. se goda faeder, mines eoldan freonden)












Escalation of adjectives (sta.)

Comparative – in ide. – is build with suffixes –os, -ies, is;
- in germ. it is suffix –iz (ide. –is) or - óz (in ide. –ios), after which where
approached endings of the weak declension;

ide. positive lang – az
comparative lanз – izó
in sta. lang – lengra
- there are some adjectives, where there is no comparative in translation;

earm (chuddy) – earmra (from suffix –óz);
Superlative (sta)
- in germ. was fixed the development of superlative so, that to comparative suffix –iz
approached the next suffix –ta, so the result was –ista;
ex. héah → híehra → hiehsta (vysoký)
earm → earmra → earmsta
Irregular escalation of adjectives (sta)
gód → bettra → betsta
yfel → wiersá → wiersta (špatný)
?? why it is in English like that? er → est (longer, longest) in escalation of adjectives?
- in the 2. step comes to rotacism;
Sta > Střa. – Adjectives
By weakening of the suffixes in voiceless syllables came to that that forms of the weak flexion were similar as the strong flexion. – from the half of the 13.century – nominative singular and also the whole plural were universalized;
Then came into plural the suffix –e and adjectives became indeclinable;

Escalation: to the basic Germanic principle approaches the roman one (after 1300);

ex. sta. máre, máert > střa. móre, mést
- pozn. Superlative móst was originated in the analogy according to the comparative;
VI) Swarabhactisation – in the word, there would be put in one phone (vowel, diphthong)
because of the easier pronunciation;
ex. déolas > střa. dévles > develes (= devils);
Wrong decomposition
naperon > an apron
an eke name > nickname

3) Stará angličtina patří do větve: the Western branch – German group;
4) Ide. vokalismu:
- system of vowels which is believed to be a state for Indo-European period;
short vowels long vowels


- schwa primum – originated by the reduction of long vowels;
- schwa secundum – originated by the reduction of short vowels;

- in the Proto-Germanic period were annulled both reduced vowels:
merged with /a/ sound;
merged with /u/ sound;

- the most significant change was the fusion (merger) of short /o/, /a/ → pg. /a/;
+ fusion of Indo-European (ide.) /o/,/a/ in pg. /o/;
ide → pg.
Examples of these shifts:
Ide. o → (changed) pg./a/; lat. hostis → gót. gasts;
Ide → pg. /a/; lat. pater → gót. fadar;
Ide → pg. /u/; čes. plný → göt. fulls;
Ide a → pg. o; lat. mater – sta. modor;
- by these vowels were in the ide already 6 diphthongs with the first short part: ai, ei, oi, au,
eu, ou;
- + 6 vowels with the first long part: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou → these 6 have merged with the first
6 ones;
Further changes
Ide ou → pg. au
Ide ei → pg. i
Ide oi → pg ai
Examples:
Ide ei → i Greek word steicho (jdu) = sta. sti an (steigen);
Ide oi → pg. ai lat. oinos (únus) – gót. áins (jeden)
Ide ou → pg. au lat. rúfu – gót. rámps (ruopi
- zdánlivě nebylo v pg. vůbec krátké /o/. Avšak pg si vytvořila nové krátké /o/ a sice změnou
původního /u/.
- to the change /u/ → /o/ has come, if /u/ was not followed in the next syllable in original ide.
by the group of nasal + consonant or by a phone of the high positron (i, w, j)→ protective
group;
ex. ebunden
eholfen
- in the system of long vowels stayed after these all changes a vacant place /á/ (ide. /á/ → pg.
/ó/);
- soon after that has come to so called alternative lengthen;

ide. anx → pg. áx (long /a/ was developed, but nasal was lost);
- important are 2 changes, to those is in pg. vowel /e/ subordinated, which changes in certain
situations to /i/;
- it is: 1) if the stem vowel is followed by the group of nasal + another consonant (ex. lat.
ventus → sta. wind) → breaking;
2) if /e/ stands before /i/, /í/ or /j/ in the following syllable;
(Greek esti → sta. is) → i Umlaut (Palatal umlaut);
- in these both changes is /e/;
- i Umlaut stands in general for vowels (it shifts them forward and upward);
5) Ide kondonantismus
The development of consonants from ide. to sta.

voiceless voiceless aspirated voiced voiced aspirated
labials p p b b
dentals t t d d
palatals k k g g
velars k k g g
labiovelars k k g g


+ 2 nasals /m/, /n/, 2 liquids /l/, /r/, 2 polohlásky /i/, /u/ and 1 spirant /j/.

- the most important is the development of three lines of explosives k-ových:

k´- palatal /k/
k - velar /k/
k - labiovelar /k/

6) Dělení an kentumové a satémové jazyky:
- in ide. there were 2 different groups of dialects:
1) In the first one merged explosives velar k and k, palatals remained separated k and
changed into sibilants (sentum group)

- sentum languages – Slavonic, Baltic, Indo-Iranian languages;

2) In the second group on the contrary merged palatals and velars (k and k), whereas
labiovelars k remained separate. (kentum group)

- kentum group – Germanic, Italic-Celtic languages, Latin, Greek;

- in ide – k mtom (sto
- in latin centum (kentum) × old Iranian sat m;

7) Grimmův zákon
- The first sound shifting – Grimm’s Law (concerns English);
Grimm’s Law
p → p
b → bh
th
t → t
d → dh
dh
k → k
g → gh
gh
k → k
g → g h
g h
f
p
b
ţ
t
d
x
k
xw
kw

8) I-ová přehláska (breaking, i-Umlaut)
Palatal umlaut of long vowels (I umlaut)

o → e sta. fot (noha ) pl. fet ← fotiz
u → y sta mus pl. mys ← musiz
lys ← lusiz
Palatal umlaut of short vowels
eo → ie sta. ic weorpe (něm. ich werde)
má 2 osobu pu wierst (vlivem /i/ v původní příponě –izi);
- important are 2 changes, to those is in pg. vowel /e/ subordinated, which changes in certain
situations to /i/;
- it is: 1) if the stem vowel is followed by the group of nasal + another consonant (ex. lat.
ventus → sta. wind) → breaking;
2) if /e/ stands before /i/, /í/ or /j/ in the following syllable;
(Greek esti → sta. is) → i Umlaut (Palatal umlaut);
- in these both changes is /e/;
- i Umlaut stands in general for vowels (it shifts them forward and upward);
- these vowels are subordinated to i Umlaut:
a) short and long: /a/, /o/, /u/, /ć/
b) diphthongs: /ío/, /éo/, /éa/;
a → e sta. mann, pl. menn (z pg manniz) manniz → mennz
ć → e sta betra, gót. batiza - rotacismus (když je /z/ mezi samohláskami vzniká /r/) +
metateze;
o → e sta. dohtor, má dativ dehter (z dotfri) → daughter;
u → j sta full tvoří sloveso
fyllan (z fuljan) – melodický přízvuk se mění v dynamický – koncovka se redukuje;

Texty
Text č.1
Beowulf 1
Hwćt, we Gar-Dena in géardagum
What we heroic Danes in yesterdays/in past days
péodcyninga prym gefrúnon
king of people glory have heard of
hú dá ćpelingas ellen fremedon!
how the/those princes courageously performed/did

Oft Scyld Scéfing sceapena préatum
often son of Scef enemy band/ threatened/ captured

monegum mćgpum meodosetla ofteáh
many races mead-bench deprived of/took away

egsode eorlas, syddan ćrest weard
territy noblemen after (seit dem, since) firstly (zu erst) was (wurde)

féasceaft funden.
in poverty found



Čte se:
Hwat we Gar-Dena in jeardagum
feodkininga frym gefrúnon,
hú dá efelingas ellen fremedon!
Oft Šild Šéfing šefena freatum,
monegum mefum meodosetla ofteach
egsode eorlas, syddan érest werd
fešeaft funden.
Text č.2
Beowulf 2
alegdon tha tommides maerne theoden
laid down/put down then in the midst of/ to the middle famous prince

haeleth hiofende hlaford leofne
warriors lamenting lord beloved

Ongunnon tha on beorge (pohřební mohyla) ball-fyra maest
Began then on mountain, hill funerál fire the largest
wigend weccan wudu-rec (Rauch) astah
warrior wake wood smoke ran up, rose up
sweart ofer swiothole swogende leg
black over flames roared along
wope bewunden.
weeping mingled
Text č. 3
From The Battle of Maldon 1
Wodon