Prezentace A Way to Cut Fuel Consumption_Hybrid Vehicles_Pohlreich Martin

A Way To Cut Fuel Consumption Presentation
Aimed at hybrid vehicles

Hybrid Vehicle

A hybrid vehicle (HV) is a vehicle using an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fuelled power source for vehicle propulsion. The HV pollutes less and uses less fuel.
The term most commonly refers to petroleum-electric hybrid vehicles, also called Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) which use internal combustion engines and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass-produced hybrids, prolong the charge on their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative braking. As well, when cruising or in other situations where just light thrust is needed, "full" hybrids can use the combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning a generator to either recharge the battery or directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the vehicle. This contrasts with all-electric cars which use batteries charged by an external source. Nearly all hybrids still require gasoline and diesel as their sole fuel source.

Short paragraph from history
In 1898 Ferdinand Porsche designed the Lohner-Porsche carriage, a series-hybrid vehicle that used a one-cylinder gasoline internal combustion engine that spun a generator which powered four wheel-mounted electric motors. The up to 56 km/h (35 mph) fast carriage broke several Austrian speed records, and also won the Exelberg Rally in 1901.

Types
There are many ways to create an electric-internal combustion hybrid. Two major categories are series hybrids and parallel hybrids, though parallel designs are most common today. Most hybrids, no matter the specific type, use regenerative braking.

Series
In a series design, the internal combustion engine is not directly connected to the drivetrain at all, but powers an electrical generator instead. This is similar to the operation of diesel-electric train locomotives.
Electricity from the generator is fed to the motor or motors that actually move the car, and excess energy can be used to charge batteries. Because electrical motors can operate quite efficiently over a wide range of speeds, this design removes or reduces the need for a complex transmission. The internal combustion engine can also be finely tuned to operate at its most efficient speed whenever it is running. A weakness of a series hybrid system, however, is that series hybrids require separate motor and generator portions. Additionally, the power delivered to the wheels by a series hybrid is limited by the electric motor(s), whereas in a parallel hybrid both the combustion engine and the electric motor can provide power to the wheels.
Series hybrids are the most efficient in driving cycles that incorporate many stops and starts, such as for delivery vehicles, urban buses or stop and go city driving. For long-distance highway driving however, the addition of losses in the electric transmission comes forward and a parallel hybrid may be more advisable.

Parallel
Parallel systems, which are most commonly produced at present, connect both the electrical and internal combustion systems to the mechanical transmission. Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit, often situated between the internal combustion engine and the transmission, replacing both the conventional starter motor and the generator or alternator.
A full hybrid, is a vehicle that can run on just the engine, just the batteries, or a combination of both. A large, high-capacity battery pack is needed for battery-only operation.
Assist hybrids use the engine for primary power, with a torque-boosting electric motor. The electric motor, mounted between the engine and transmission, is essentially a very large starter motor, which operates not only when the engine needs to be turned over, but also when the driver "steps on the gas" and requires extra power.
Mild hybrids are essentially conventional vehicles with oversized starter motors, allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the car is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly. As