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Zjednodušená ukázka:
Stáhnout celý tento materiállowered some taxes, for example the tax on tea. This act for a paradox invoked displeasure of American merchants, who used to smuggle tea to America and have a high profit. One day in December 1773, a group of merchants disguised like Indians got on the British ships in Boston harbour and threw all the tea from the ships to the sea. These matters are known as “Boston Tea Party.”
This action asked for revenge and the British decided to punish Americans severely. The Boston harbour, which was the most important American harbour, was closed to ships. To scare the American, the British moved their troops outside Boston. This caused the growth of revolutionary moods in Boston and in 1775; two first battles (the Battle of Lexington was one of them) took place near Boston. George Washington formed and took command of the Continental Army.
A group of Americans, who wanted to be a part of Great Britain, sent a petition to British king George III through which they asked him to settle the conflict peacefully, but the king refused to read it. In June 1776, the Congress took place in Philadelphia. The representatives changed the status of colonies into the status of states and formulated the idea of union. Local assemblies were changed into governments and governors were thrown out. On July 4, 1776, Thomas Jefferson introduced the Declaration of Independence. It was the first document in the world, according to which human rights couldn’t be taken away from the people by any government (although this was applied to white people only). The war between the American and the British ended in 1783 and the United States of America were proclaimed. Four years later, in 1787, a constitutional convention was held, but the constitution came into operation in 1789. The constitution supported an idea of strong federal governments, which means that the U.S.A. was a confederation. Tax collectors were introduced (because each person had to pay three kinds of taxes: local, state and federal) as well as federal courts.
Colonization of the west
In the second half of the 18th century, several countries claimed demands for the western territory (the U.S.A., Spain and France) of Northern America. The problem was that there was no document which stated whose territory it was. According to George Washington’s view, the U.S.A could claim demands for the territory, if the American settled it. In 1804, Thomas Jefferson asked two mapmakers (Meriwether Lewis and William Clark) to map an area west from the River Mississippi. They travelled with the Indian lady Sacajewa and a group of 45 men to explore the territory and make the first map of the west. In 1830, a book on the area of today’s Oregon was published. Although the author had never been there, he described the place as of great farming conditions and said that the work on the farm required no labour. This book and the map of the western territory started the colonization of the west. Between 1830 and 1869, about 500.000 people got on the route, about 26.000 of them died. First, they had to walk and carry their stuff in handcarts, but in 1869, the Oregon Trail was finished.
Gold rush
In 1848, Californian John Sutter decided to build a sawmill in the settlement he had founded (Sutter’s Ford). He hired a mechanic named James Marshall, who was supposed to build it. While digging a ditch, James Marshall discovered a sparkling stone. He realised what he’d found and cried, “Gold!” In 1849, the first wave of people swarmed into California (they’re called “forty-niners”). They destroyed John Sutter’s property and many of them became rich. The gold rush changed the picture of the west, because many new towns were founded. For example, the town of Aspen in Colorado with the population about 8.000 contained 43 saloons, 10 churches and 2 schools. This episode of the American history lasted till 1869, when the price of silver and gold dropped.
Civil war
We may recognize two different parts of the 19th century’s U.S.A., between which there was a huge gap.—While the north was industrial and capitalistic, with many factories, railroad and free trade, 15 southern states were agricultural and their income was based on tobacco and cotton plantations. In addition to this, southern economic couldn’t go without slavery, while in northern states, the slavery was forbidden.
The slave trade had a long tradition in the U.S.A. It started in the early 17th century and was organized mainly by Spain, Portugal, France, Holland and England. Blacks were imported to the North America from Africa and were used as a free labour. The invention of the cotton gin in 1850 earned high profit to the south and the number of slaves increased. At that time, the slavery was at its peak -- total population of the south was 8 million; the number of slaves was 4 million and a half. When the U.S.A. was spreading to the west, a slavery question was raised. The question was, whether the slavery should be permitted in new states or not. An agreement between the north and the south couldn’t be reached and in 1860 in Richmond, 11 southern states proclaimed the Confederated states of America; Richmond was the capital. At that time, Abraham Lincoln became the president (Confederation elected its own president Jefferson Davis). Although he was self-taught and had no experiences in politics, he was an outstanding politic and speaker and his quotations are famous even nowadays (e.g. the American government is “a government of the people, by the people and for the people.”).
The first bullets were fired at Fort Sumter in 1861. Although the battle lines were moving during the war according to the success of either side, almost whole war was fought on the southern territory. One of the most important strategic places was the town of Fredericburg, which was crossed four times and almost completely destroyed by both armies.
In the beginning of the war, Southerners were much stronger and more determined that Northerners, bu
Vloženo: 9.06.2011
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