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Stáhnout celý tento materiálHistory of the USA
Indians, Vikings and Columbus
Although the history of the United States began when the English started forming their first colonies in North America, the history of the continent is much longer and richer. About 15.000 years ago, the territory of what is now Canada and the U.S.A. was colonized by Asian settlers, who had crossed today’s Bering’s Strait. These people are nowadays known as “Native Americans” or just simply “Indians.” 500 years ago, the Indian population contained about 10 million inhabitants; nowadays the number is about two or three million.
According to tradition, the first Europeans who landed in the New World were Vikings (Norsemen) -- the nation of warriors, sailors and ship makers that settled Northern Europe about 1.000 years ago. At first they sailed along the European coast and attacked other nations, later a group of Vikings led by Eric the Red discovered Greenland and settled there. One day, when Eric’s son named Leif Ericsson wanted to visit his father, a strong gale blew his ship off the course and the ship’s crew landed in the country that had never been seen before. Because they saw many vineyards, where native inhabitants grew vine-grapes, the Vikings named the land Vineland (current New Foundland). But even though this legend was truthful, it wouldn’t diminish the role of Christopher Columbus.
Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy. Although his parents were successful cloth makers and merchants, Christopher didn’t follow the career of his predecessors. He moved to Portugal and lived in the port town of Lisbon with his brother Bartholomew, who owned a shop that sold navigation tools, maps and charts. Christopher had plenty of time to study them and they, as well as near shipyards making caravels (which were much faster than other ships), made him believe there could be easier route to the “spiceland” in Asia. At first he asked the Portuguese king to give him money necessary for the journey, but the king refused. Columbus moved to Spain and asked Isabelle, the Spanish queen. Within next six years, Columbus received enough money to buy three ships (Santa Maria, Nińa and Pinta) and everything he needed, and he set out on a dangerous trip to an unknown part of the Earth. On October 12, 1492, Columbus woke up with the cry of “Tierra, tierra!” He landed in Holy Savior, one island of the Bahamas. As a proof he was in Asia (he believed the land he stepped onto was India), he brought a parrot, six natives, gold and an alligator.
Colonization
The American region was colonized by several European countries. They were Spain, France and England. The Spanish settled mainly the central part of the continent, the south and southwest. The French claimed demands for an area along the River Mississippi and Great Lakes area (in the 18th century, they were pushed away by the English and had to move further to the north). The English settled eastern coast, where they step by step founded 13 colonies, Virginia was the first.
The first wave of English colonizers came in 1620. They were the Protestants who escaped religious persecution in England. The group of 78 men and 24 women travelled on the ship Mayflower and arrived in the New World in the winter. The Indians were friendly and helped them to grow local plants. When the “Pilgrim Fathers,” as the first settlers are often called, heard that the Indians held a ceremony each year at harvest time to thank nature for the food they had received, the Pilgrims decided to make a special feast called Thanksgiving. This feast is still celebrated in America. The colony the Pilgrims founded was called Plymouth and it was situated in the area of current Massachusetts. Another area settled by the Protestants (Quakers) was Pennsylvania.
There were two mayor reasons why Europeans decided to settle Northern America. First, they wanted to find new business ways to Asia. For the second, many people from Europe moved to America to start their new life there. The motives were various—religious groups wanted to escape persecution, former prisoners wanted to have back their untarnished reputation, catholic priests from came to spread Christian religion and of course, many gold digger came from Europe during the gold rush.
The head of each colony was the governor appointed by the British king. Although the colonies were formally governed by their assemblies, which served as both government and parliament, the real power was concentrated in the hands of governors.
Revolution, war and Declaration
In 1754 the war between the English and the French started. In the same year, the first Continental Congress, which took place in Philadelphia, expressed its support to England. It was the first and only situation, when Americans supported the English. After the victory in 1761, England had to introduce heavy taxes, because the state treasury was empty. These taxes were applied mainly on colonies. In 1765, England introduced the Stamp Act, according to which people in colonies had to glue the stamp on every legal document (including newspapers). This caused the wave of anger; an organization called “The Sons of Liberty” was formed. The English started to fear and cancelled the act, but it didn’t stop the angry moods towards them and so Britain sent to America military troops. In 1770, a group of the Sons of Liberty clashed with British soldiers. Although the Sons had no weapons, the soldiers fired to the crowd and killed five people. Over a hundred people were injured. This event is called “the Boston massacre.”
The organization of the Sons of Liberty was led by Samuel Adams, later by his cousin John Adams (the future 2nd president of the U.S.A., more later by George Washington (the future 1st president of the U.S.A.), Thomas Jefferson (the future 3rd president) or Benjamin Franklin (who wrote the Declaration of Independence).
As a result of the organization’s activity, Britain introduced the Tax Lowering Act (in 1773), which
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