Karibská krize

Karibská krize
The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war.
Příčiny:
1) Superpower tension - relations between the two superpowers deteriorated at the beginning of the 1960s because of the U-2 spy plane controversy in 1960, the Bay of Pigs invasion and Berlin Crisis in 1961, nuclear arms race and American funding of anti-Communist movements.
2) Attempts to invade Cuba - First, in April 1961 CIA helped the anti-Castro exiles to invade Cuba. Second, in 1962 there was a U.S. military exercise when the Armed Forces conducted a mock invasion of a Caribbean island to overthrow a fictitious dictator whose name, Ortsac, was Castro spelled backwards. That is why Fidel Castro was convinced that the U.S.A. may invade Cuba and asked the Soviet Union for protection.
Arkady N. Shevchenko, the adviser to Soviet Foreign Minister, argues that it was not the U.S. threat to Cuba which made Khrushchev deploy missiles there:
"Beyond a defence for Cuba, the more important gain would be a better balance of power between the United States and the U.S.S.R. Khrushchev’s plan was to create a nuclear "fist" in close proximity to the United States, and at first glance it seemed seductive."
3) US deployment of ballistic missiles in Turkey - In 1959 the U.S.A. deployed 15 Jupiter IRBM (intermediate-range ballistic missiles) near Izmir, Turkey which threatened the western parts of the Soviet Union and which became operational in April 1962.
Důsledky:
1) Kennedy gained prestige. Walter Trohan praised him in the New York Tribune in November 1962: For the first time in twenty years Americans can carry their head high because the president of the United States had stood up to the premier of Russia and made him back down.
2) Khrushchev lost authority, and the relations with China deteriorated because Chinese leaders accused the Soviet Union of being a 'paper-tiger' and claimed to be the true leader of the Communist movement.
3) Establishment of "hotline" between the U.S. and the Soviet president to talk directly about any crisis.
4) In August 1963 John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev made an agreement to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere, outer space and under water (Limited Test Ban Treaty)
5) At the beginning of 1963, the U.S.A. dismantled the missiles in Turkey.
6) Cuba remained the communist dictatorship but the U.S.A. promised not to invade it.
7) The United States became convinced that the Soviet Union would not go to war to protect another communist country. It is argued that this encouraged the United States to help attempts to overthrow communist governments in  HYPERLINK "http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/VietnamWar.htm" Vietnam or  HYPERLINK "http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDnicaragua.htm" Nicaragua.
Reakce Kennedyho administrativy:
In October 16, 1962 President John F. Kennedy was informed that at night CIA got the photos from a U-2 spy plane. They identified Soviet missile installations in construction in Cuba and it was said that they would be operational in 10 days. A group of people (12 closest advisors to president), which was later referred to as the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EX-COMM), was established to deal with the problem. The attitude of the members of EX-COMM towards the news about deployment of missiles is not clear. Were they surprised or did they expect it? Robert F. Kennedy describes the mood at the meeting:
The dominant feeling at the meeting was stunned surprise. No one had expected or