Slajdy

adjective or adverb):
The memory of the VGA is large enough to assure a proper display. (dost velká na to, aby …) - same subjects
The memory of the VGA is large enough for you to be able to play the game. - different subjects
He knows Perl well enough to start his career as a programmer.
He has large enough a medium to store the program on it uncompressed.
There is good enough software to meet your needs available for downloading on the Internet. Martin Dvořák:
Infinitive Replacing a Clause iii. too - příliš (always precedes an adjective or adverb): Sorry, but you’re too short for me to marry.
Snowhite and the Seven Dwarfs Infinitive Replacing a Clause He found the mode too clumsy to use.
The card is too big to be fitted into the slot.
He has too big a card to fit it into the slot.
His card is too big for him to fit into the slot.
I’ve met too pretty a girl to be able to concentrate now.
Special cases and frequent mistakes:
The processor is fast enough for me to install. (not to install it)
The guy is smart enough for me to date. (not to date him)
The cable is too short for me to use. (not to use it)
The dwarf is too short for Snowhite to marry. (not to marry him)
His stupidity is too hard for her to put up with. (not to put up with it) Infinitive Replacing a Clause i. get often occurs in phrases (get married, get angry, get ready, etc.) - for more details see pp. 193-194 of Angličtina pro jazykové školy II
If you get the program ready in time, you will even be given a bonus.
Having heard about the system freezing, he got angry.
ii. become often intruduces a neutral change usually meaning „stát se“
He has become too dificult to socialize with.
The device has become too outdated to be used. Verbs Denoting a Change of State iii. grow usually refers to a slow (or gradual) change:
His hair’s grown grey.
After finding out the dwarf had grown up, Snowhite began to grow fond of him.
iv. turn usually refers to a sudden (abrupt) change:
Having found his keyboard soiled, he turned red with anger.
By turning blue, the screen predicted a sleepless night full of adventure. Verbs Denoting a Change of State v. fall usually occurs in phrases - for more details see p. 194 of Angličtina pro jazykové školy II
He has fallen in love with his new interface. He can’t take his eyes off it.
They fall behind their schoolmates in programming.
vi. go often introduces a change for the worse
But for the screen filter, he would have gone blind.
Since you failed to stick the meat in the fridge, it has gone off.
Having spent a month trying to get rid of the blue screen, he went crazy. Verbs Denoting a Change of State vi. get to/come to are used to refer to a gradual change (development):

In the beginning I liked the blue color, but I came to hate it with each its recurrence.
Snowhite needed to get to know the dwarf a little before marrying him. Why buy a pig in a poke? Verbs Denoting a Change of State What a dish! Exclamations What requires the use of noun which can be preceded by an adjective. If the noun is countable (singular), a is compulsory.
What a trashy jack! It doesn’t fit in.
What nonsense! Never heard anything like that before.
What a terrible and time-consuming project to work on!
How requires the use of an adjective or adverb:
How nasty of you!
How sophisticated the system is!
How surprising! - ironic Exclamations Negative questions can also be use to exclaim:
Isn’t Windows the best OS!
Isn’t the transfer sluggish!
Doesn’t the processor have a beautiful color! Exclamations Angličtina pro jazykové školy II:
p. 193 exercise 26.4
p. 195 exercise 27.3
p. 206 exercise 28.4
Specialist Reading:
The World Wide Web - Introduction
E-mail Protocols Homework:
Lecture 16: I wish …, If only …
Aspect - Perfective and Imperfective Remember: I wish and If only open sentences that are in Czech known as “přací věty”. The rules governing their formation are the same as those which hold for the clause following conditional conjunction in 2nd or 3rd conditionals.
Compare:
If I had a piece of cloth, I would wipe the monitor with it.
X
I wish (If only) I had a piece of cloth (to wipe the monitor with).
If you gave me a Philips screwdriver, I would loosen the screw.
X
I wish (If only) you gave me a Philips screwdriver. I wish …, If only ... Compare:
They would have assembled the computer if they had not lost all the belt cables.
X
I wish (If only) they had not lost all the belt cables.

If I had increased the buffer size, the computer would not have reported buffer underruns.
X
I wish (If only) I had increased the buffer size. Martin Dvořák:
I wish …, If only ... A naughty boy’s father: “If only he had not played with that live wire.” I wish …, If only ... Other uses:
I wish, If only + would are used to express a wish for something that the speaker finds annoying to change in the future.
I hope …. is used to express a “neutral” wish concerning the future.
Examples:
I wish (If only) he would not play with the live wire next time.
I wish (If only) the weather would improve.
I wish (If only) the computer would stop freezing.
I wish (If only) the monitor would not flicker that much.
I hope they (will) fix the drive by 6 o’clock.
I hope she (will) marries (marry) me one day. I wish …, If only ... perfective aspect - dokonavý vid
imperfective aspect - nedokonavý vid

The imperfective aspect is usually expressed by means of continuous tenses - stress is laid on duration (trvání).

Examples:
He was reconfiguring the system the whole afternoon.
The programmer has been writing the manual since he finished the program.
They say it will be raining the whole day.

Remember: Some verbs cannot occur in continuous tenses or they change their meaning in these (see Lecture 1). Aspect - Perfective and Imperfective When, however, a sentence refers to a repeated action, simple tense is used.
Examples:
He reconfigured the system every other day. not He was reconfiguring …
The programmer usually wrote the manual when he was free. not The programmer was usually writing …
When we were in Greece, it often rained. not it was raining
Notice: My monitor flickers every now and then. X My monitor is flickering all the time. (expression of annoyance - see Lecture 1) Aspect - Perfective and Imperfective One-off actions are usually expressed by means of have a + infinitive (without “to”).
Examples:
I would like to have a shower if it’s O.K. with you. (osprchovat se)
How about having a drink? (napít se)
He wanted to have a dance with me, but I turned him down. (zatančit si)
He was fired because he would often leave his office to have a smoke. (zakouřit si)
May I have a look at it? It may only need some cleaning. (podívat se) Aspect - Perfective and Imperfective Expression of repetition in the past:

i. past simple:

He usually used a temporary file for storage of calculation results.
They regularly failed to notice his negligence.
The modems never did the handshaking right with these initialization strings. Aspect - Perfective and Imperfective Expression of repetition in the past:
ii. would + infinitive without “to” expressing frequent repetition
He would ask for assistance whenever he was in trouble. (žádával mě …)
I would get a blue screen after installation of some new hardware under Windows 3.11. (setkávával se)
That operating system would give me sleepless nights on weekends. Aspect - Perfective and Imperfective Expression of repetition in the past:
iii. used + infinitive expressing frequent repetition and change
He used to play computer games when he was young. He no longer does so. (hrával, ale už nehraje)
He used to chase chicks. (honil, ale už nehoní)
Windows used to be unstable, but now it is the best OS. (býval, ale už není) Aspect - Perfective and Imperfective Angličtina pro jazykové školy II:
p. 208 exercise 29.4
p. 221 exercise 30.5
Specialist Reading:
none Homework:
Lecture 17: … so that …
Phrasal Verbs II So that can be used two different ways - either meaning Czech aby (used if the subjects of the clauses are not identical) or takže.
When used in the sense of Czech aby, can and may usually (but not always) follow it provided the main clause (the first part) contains present tense, present perfect or future tense.
If, however, the main clause (the first part) contains past tense, could or might are usually used.
Examples:
I update my virus definitions regularly for my system to operate flawlessly.
X
I update my virus definitions regularly so that my system can (may) operate flawlessly. … so that ... They have recently installed a new spam filter for him to receive less junk mail.
X
They have recently installed a new spam filter so that he can (may) receive less junk mail.

Our network administrator will try to get that e-mail client to work for us to be able to contribute to the discussion.
X
Our network administrator will try to get that e-mail client to work
so that we can contribute to the discussion. … so that ... He plotted the data into graphs for his students to read them easily.
X
He plotted the data into graphs so that his students could (might) read them easily.

He set his e-mail client to use IMAP4 for the others to be able to read messages from other locations.
X
He set his e-mail client to use IMAP4 so that the others could read the messages from other locations. … so that ... Use of should not:

So that is usually followed by should not provided the clause preceding it contains past tense and the speaker wants to express a negative in the clause following it.

Examples:
He put the knife away for the children not to cut themselves.
X
He put the knife away so that the children should not cut themselves.

The system locked the file for it not to be overwritten.
X
The system locked the file so that it should not be overwritten. … so that ... He replaced his heat sink for his processor not to overheat.
X
He replaced his heat sink so that his processor should not overheat.

He type-cast the variable for the assignment not to be erroneous.
X
He type-cast the variable so that the assignment should not be erroneous. … so that ... to take:
Having learnt he had not received my message, I was taken aback. (zaražen, překvapen)
Take the bloody lemon away! I can’t bear the sight of it any more. (odnést pryč)
He tried to take me in, but did not succeed. (napálit, oklamat)
Taking into account my previous experience, he decided to hire me. (vzít v úvahu)
Students are required to take their shoes off before entering the computer hall. (vyzout, odložit)
He boarded the plane shortly before it took off. (vzlétnout)
We had better take on some more people because otherwise we will not meet the deadline. (přibrat - zaměstnat) Phrasal Verbs II After doing the job for 10 years he wanted someone to take (it) over (from him). (převzít)
How much disk space does the program take up? (zabírat - o rozloze)
to put:
He puts aside a good deal of money every month to be able to buy a more powerful computer. (odkládat)
Could you put the book back on the shelf after you are done with it? (dát zpět, vrátit)
Could you put down everything I say, please? (napsat, zapsat)
The fact I have to know all those commands puts me off from working with that system. (odradit) Phrasal Verbs II I would rather you did not put on that jacket. Look how dirty it is. (obléci si)
After his computer caught fire, he did his best to put it (the fire) out. (uhasit)
Could you please put me through to Mr. Smith? (spojit s - při telefonování)
After dismantling the device, do you think they will ever be able to put it together? (složit)
When we were in England, we were searching for someone to put us up. (ubytovat, většinou dočasně)
You had better put up with the situation and make the best of it. (smířit se) Phrasal Verbs II Angličtina pro jazykové školy II:
p. 223 exercise 31.4
Specialist Reading:
Websites - Introduction
XML takes on HTML Homework: