Slajdy

action that happened in the past (not specified) and whose consequences can be observed at present or affect it
A: What’s wrong with that machine? B: My sister has worked with it again.
I have only slept for 4 hours.
Is your friend going with us tonight? No, he has bought a new joystick.
A: Kate, why are you so depressed tonight? B: The bloody bastard has cheated on me.
* notice: The sentences contain no specification of time!! Present Perfect Simple If the sentence contains time specification, past tense is used. It is not the consequences of the past action that are stressed but the time itself!

Notice the difference:

I bought a car yesterday. X I have bought a car.
time specification X present-related

I removed the virus two days ago. X I have removed the virus.
It was two days ago that I removed the virus. X The virus is gone. Present Perfect Simple Notice the difference:

The modem was reconfigured a while ago.
It was a while ago that the modem was reconfigured.
X
The modem has been reconfigured.
The modem has a new configuration.

I was never happy there. X I have never been happy here.
past, not covering present past + present Present Perfect Simple Used to express:
ii. an action that is somehow related to present; indicators: just, so far, not yet, since, ever, never, recently, lately

She has just logged on.
The spelling checker has detected 5 mistakes so far.
She has not ejected the CD yet.
My brother has not got better at programming since (last year).
Have you ever set the IRQs manually?
I have never heard anything like that before.
My system has recently / lately frozen just once. Present Perfect Simple When a sequence of actions that took place in the past is given (story, fairytale, etc.), simple past is used:

It was when I came to school that I met her for the first time. At that moment I realized, she was the most beautiful person at the faculty. Her long hair and slender body told me she was the one. Unable to tame my desire, I decided to chat her up. Present Perfect Simple Present perfect simple can be combined with the expression of time covering present:

I have given the monitor a wipe this week.
She has discussed it with her students today.
They have opened a new store this year.
Her boss has raised her salary this month. Present Perfect Simple Used to express:
i. an action which started in the past, is still under way and is likely to continue in the future

I have been studying English for five years.
The scandisk utility has been running for three minutes.
I have been debugging the source code since I came home.
My teacher has been using Windows 98 since he bought himself a new computer. Present Perfect Continuous Used to express:
ii. an action which ceased a while ago, but the consequences are still obvious The wolf has been running. Present Perfect Continuous Used to express:
iii. annoyance, reproach or impatience associated with the action in question Someone has been eating my porridge! And they've eaten it ALL UP!
Someone has been sitting in my chair!
Someone has been sleeping in my bed! Goldilocks and the three bears Present Perfect Continuous Used to express:
iv. Czech “Jak dlouho + přít. čas“
How long have you been waiting here?
How long have you been trying to get the scanner to run?
How long has the disk been malfunctioning?
I don’t have the foggiest idea of how long he has been visiting the site. Present Perfect Continuous BUT: (exceptions) !
- present perfect simple must be used if the sentence contains a verb not usually occurring in the continuous form (see lecture 1, page 7) as well as the verbs to be and to have in the sense of “to possess”; there is also tendency towards replacing present perfect continuous with its simple counterpart in negative sentences
She has known him for ages.
He has loved her all his life.
I have been here for the last ten minutes.
I have had the watch for 10 years.
I have not opened the computer case for quite a time. Present Perfect Continuous He himself does not know.
The text itself is rather nonsensical.
The results themselves turned out to be misleading.
emphasis
X
He went there alone.
She spent her vacation alone.
with no one around
X
They will configure the network by themselves.
I will make the program by myself.
without anyone’s assistance Myself, Yourself … Themselves Angličtina pro jazykové školy II:
p. 17 exercise 1.8
p. 19 exercise 2.3
p. 32 exercise 3.5
Specialist Reading:
Graphical User Interfaces - Introduction
User Interfaces Homework:
Lecture 8: object + infinitive
subject + infinitive
past continuous The verbs occurring in the object + infinitive construction:
i. verbs of sensual perception - infinitive is without “to”:
I saw him insert the infected diskette into the drive.
I heard him swear like an old sailor when he was installing the operating system.
I have never seen my Dad use any other medium than a flash disk.
I have overheard him say it. Object + Infinitive Compare the difference:
I saw him insert the infected diskette into the drive.
(Viděl jsem ho zastrčit tu infikovanou disketu to mechaniky.)
X
I saw him inserting the infected diskette into the drive.
(Viděl jsem ho, jak strká tu infikovanou disketu do mechaniky.)
I heard him say it.
(Slyšel jsem ho to říci.)
X
I heard him saying it.
(Slyšel jsem, jak to říká.) Object + Infinitive The verbs occurring in the object + infinitive construction:
ii. verbs expressing a wish, request, order, or permission: want, wish, would like, ask, tell, order, allow, persuade (somebody to do something)
Special case: let, make - no “to”
My teacher wants me to solve the mathematical problem by the end of this week.
I wished her to stay with me a little longer for me to find some more mysteries in her.
I wouldn’t like my small sister to touch my CD again. It’s already scratched.
She asked me to stay with her. She said she was afraid of ghosts. A nice trick. Object + Infinitive They allowed us to enter the computer hall despite the fact we had no cards on ourselves.
My friend’s persuaded me to buy a more powerful VGA. He said it would be compatible with my motherboard.
He bit my head off without letting me say a word.
Having promised me a bonus, my boss made me work overtime.
Her baby blue eyes made me forget about my brand new ORC software.
I’ll let you do whatever you wish.
Each time I meet her, she makes me regret the moment I broke up with her. Object + Infinitive The verbs occurring in the object + infinitive construction:

iii. verbs expressing an expectation or assumption: expect, think, believe, consider

She expected me to patch her program.
They think me (to be) an idiot.
I believe that (to be) important.
Most computer users consider Windows (to be) more user-friendly than Linux. Object + Infinitive The verbs occurring in the object + infinitive construction:
iv. wait, arrange - followed by “for”
She waited for me to finish my lunch.
How come she’s passed away? He’s arranged for her not to give the secret away.
Will you wait for me to shut down the computer or shall I do it later on?
By installing Linux, he has arranged for no one to work on his computer again.
v. Other verbs followed by object and infinitive: advise, encourage, beg, forbid (forbade, forbidden), force, get, help, invite, prefer, recommend, remind, urge, warn (somebody to do something) Object + Infinitive The verbs occurring in the subject + infinitive construction:
i. seem, appear
He seems (to be) pretty scared.
They seem to have studied hard.
My uncle does not seem to be content with his hard drive.
He always appears to know whom the fault lies with. But it’s never him.
He appears to have caught a cold. Subject + Infinitive The verbs occurring in the subject + infinitive construction:
ii. say, expect, believe, think, suppose, assume in passive

He is said to know how to configure the system.
Students are expected to study English for at least 20 minutes a day to pass the exam.
The book is believed to contain all the necessary information.
The system is thought to be unstable.
Am I supposed to do anything about it?
The problem is assumed to be more involved than it really is. Subject + Infinitive Used to express:
i. that two or more actions were under way at the same time:

While I was debugging the source code, she was chatting with her friends.
My girlfriend was talking to someone on the phone and I was wondering who it was.
While he was giving a lecture, I was thinking about the problem.
We were enjoying sunshine in Europe while they were getting drenched in the U.S. Past Continuous Used to express:
ii. an action that was taking place at a certain moment in the past and we place emphasis on its duration
I couldn’t come at three because I was begging my computer to start.
It was snowing for quite a time yesterday, wasn’t it?
He was trying to get the computer to run but did not succeed.
He was installing the system the whole day yesterday.
My sister was doing her best to be allowed to borrow my electric cord, but I was as hard as nails. Past Continuous Used to express:
iii. an action that was under way at the moment another action (expressed by means of past simple) took place; Czech “právě”
The telephone rang while we were discussing the matter.
The computer froze when I was working with it.
While he was downloading the file, the connection dropped.
She entered the room while her boss was raising hell.
While (he was) listening to her, he noticed something remarkable about her. Past Continuous Used to express:

iv. indignation; in this respect past continuous represents a past alternative to present continuous

She was talking about her problems all the time, but never mine.
My damn brother was changing the settings over and over again.
The reason why I quit teaching is that my students were making the same mistakes time and time again.
The blasted scanner was failing to operate properly so I dumped it in the end.

v. modesty, politeness

I was trying to suggest we should not act like that. Past Continuous Angličtina pro jazykové školy II:
p. 43 exercise 5.7
p. 44 exercise 6.3
p. 47 exercise 7.5
Specialist Reading:
Graphical User Interfaces - Introduction
User Interfaces Homework:
Lecture 9: past perfect
tense shift Used to:

i. express an action which took place before another action in the past provided the former is mentioned after the latter:

I installed the program I had bought from Microsoft.
He brought me the scanner he had disconnected from his computer.
The compiler reported an error because he had not declared one of the variables.
I got fed up with the system since I had been configuring it for a week.
By the time he moved in there, I had been living there for five years. Past Perfect Used to:
ii. form tense shift (souslednost časová):
He said he had never used hashes in his programs.
They told us the experiment had never been conducted before.
She replied they had been working on the solution to the security hole problem for the last fourteen days.
My boss told me I had seriously violated the company’s rules. Past Perfect Used to:

iii. form the 3rd conditional (nereálná podmínka v minulosti):

If I had known it, I would not have come here.
If he had not declared the variable, the compiler would have reported the error.
Had she realized how serious the problem was, she would not have dared solve it by herself.
If she had found out how much he snores, she would never have married him. Past Perfect Tense shift is used to convert direct speech into reported speech provided the main clause contains past tense (the main clause introducing something that was said in the past):
Tense changes:
present simple  past simple
present continuous  past continuous
past simple  past perfect simple
past continuous  past perfect continuous
present perfect simple  past perfect simple
present perfect continuous  past perfect continuous
past perfect (simple, continuous) remains
future  “would” Tense Shift Verbs introducing tense shift: say, tell, ask, answer, reply, announce, report, want to know, know, learn (dovědět se), feel, think, add, admit, agree, claim, confirm, deny, doubt, find, hope, mention, promise, propose, remark, repeat, state, suppose, swear (swore, sworn), threaten, understand
He said he knew her.
She told me he was giving a lecture at that moment.
He swore he had never used the diskette.
They added they had been debugging the source code for three days.
She claimed she had never worked with hashes.
The bears found out someone had been sleeping in their beds.
He wanted to know how she would handle the problem. Tense Shift Sentences that are not subject to tense shift:
i. those which specify the exact time an action happened at:
He told us he lived there in 1980.
ii. those that express, or are considered to be, general truth:
He said the Czech Republic has about ten million citizens.
They told us the square root of 4 is 2.
iii. those that contain “must” or “mustn’t” expressing permanent necessity or ban:
My doctor told me I mustn’t smoke.
She said the processor must be cooled because otherwise it overheats. Tense Shift Sentences that are not subject to tense shift:
iv. those containing “could”, “should”, “would”
He said: “You should not execute the file.”
He said I should not execute the file.
My boss told me: You should not get off with that woman. She is a vamp.
My boss told me I should not (not to) get off with that woman because she was (is) a vamp. Tense Shift The conversion of direct speech into indirect involves the following adverbial changes:
here  there
this  that
now  then
yesterday  the day before
last year  the year before
tomorrow  the day after, the following day
next week  the week after, the following week
He said: “I will replace this cable here with a new one tomorrow.
He said he would replace that cable there the following day. Tense Shift Angličtina pro jazykové školy II:
p. 60 exercise 8.6
p. 75 exercise 10.6
p. 76 exercise 11.1
Specialist Reading:
Applications Programs - Introduction
Application Service Providers Homework: