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Works
Plays
Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" \o "Shakespeare's plays" Shakespeare's plays
A number of Shakespeare's plays have the reputation of being among the greatest in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" \o "English language" English language and in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" \o "Western world" Western literature. He wrote  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedies" \o "Tragedies" tragedies, histories,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedies" \o "Comedies" comedies and romances, which have been translated into every major living language, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" \l "_note-16#_note-16" \o "" [19] in addition to being continually performed around the world.
As was common in the period, Shakespeare based many of his plays on the work of other playwrights and reworked earlier stories and historical material. For example,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" \o "Hamlet" Hamlet (c. 1601) is probably a reworking of an older, lost play (the so-called  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Hamlet" \o "Ur-Hamlet" Ur-Hamlet), and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear" \o "King Lear" King Lear is an adaptation of an earlier play, also called King Lear. For plays on historical subjects, Shakespeare relied heavily on two principal texts. Most of the Roman and Greek plays are based on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" \o "Plutarch" Plutarch's Parallel Lives (from the 1579 English translation by Sir  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_North" \o "Thomas North" Thomas North HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" \l "_note-17#_note-17" \o "" [20]), and the English  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_play" \o "History play" history plays are indebted to the 1587 edition of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" \o "Raphael Holinshed" Raphael Holinshed's The Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland (which provided material for  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth" \o "Macbeth" Macbeth and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear" \o "King Lear" King Lear). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" \l "_note-18#_note-18" \o "" [21] Shakespeare also possibly borrowed stylistic elements from contemporary playwrights like Christopher Marlowe. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" \l "_note-19#_note-19" \o "" [22] One of Shakespeare's most original plays--at least in terms of writing, themes, and setting--was The Tempest. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" \l "_note-20#_note-20" \o "" [23]
Shakespeare's plays tend to be placed into three main stylistic groups:
early romantic comedies and histories (such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" \o "A Midsummer Night's Dream" A Midsummer Night's Dream and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV%2C_Part_1" \o "Henry IV, Part 1" Henry IV, Part 1)
middle period romantic comedies and tragedies (including his most famous tragedies,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello" \o "Othello" Othello,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth" \o "Macbeth" Macbeth,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" \o "Hamlet" Hamlet and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear" \o "King Lear" King Lear, as well as " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_plays" \o "Problem plays" problem plays" such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" \o "Troilus and Cressida" Troilus and Cressida)
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Late_Romances" \o "Shakespeare's Late Romances" later romances (such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" \o "The Winter's Tale" The Winter's Tale and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest_%28play%29" \o "The Tempest (play)" The Tempest).
The earlier plays range from broad comedy to historical nostalgia, while the middle-period plays tend to be grander in terms of theme, addressing such issues as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrayal" \o "Betrayal" betrayal,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder" \o "Murder" murder,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust" \o "Lust" lust,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_%28sociology%29" \o "Power (sociology)" power, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambition" \o "Ambition" ambition. By contrast, his late romances feature redemptive plotlines with ambiguous endings and the use of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_%28paranormal%29" \o "Magic (paranormal)" magic and other fantastical elements. However, the borders between these genres are never clear.
Image of Shakespeare from the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio" \o "First Folio" First Folio (1623), the first collected edition of his plays
Some of Shakespeare's plays first appeared in print as a series of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folios_and_Quartos_%28Shakespeare%29" \o "Folios and Quartos (Shakespeare)" quartos, but most remained unpublished until 1623 when the posthumous  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio" \o "First Folio" First Folio was published by two actors who had been in Shakespeare's company:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heminges" \o "John Heminges" John Heminges and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Condell" \o "Henry Condell" Henry Condell. The traditional division of his plays into tragedies, comedies, and histories follows the logic of the First Folio. It is at this point that stage directions, punctuation and act divisions enter his plays, setting the trend for further future editorial decisions. Modern criticism has also labelled some of his plays " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_plays" \o "Problem plays" problem plays" or tragi-comedies, as they elude easy categorisation, or perhaps purposefully break generic conventions. The term "romances" has also been preferred for the later comedies.
There are many controversies about the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare_plays" \o "Chronology of Shakespeare plays" exact chronology of Shakespeare's plays. In addition, the fact that Shakespeare did not produce an authoritative print version of his plays during his life accounts for part of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" \l "Shakespeare_and_the_textual_problem" \o "Shakespeare's plays" textual problem often noted with his plays, which means that for several of the plays there are different textual versions. As a result, the problem of identifying what Shakespeare actually wrote became a major concern for most modern editions. Textual corruptions also stem from printers' errors, compositors' misreadings, or wrongly scanned lines from the source material. Additionally, in an age before standardised spelling, Shakespeare often wrote a word several times in a different spelling, contributing further to the transcribers' confusions. Modern scholars also believe Shakespeare revised his plays throughout the years, sometimes leading to two existing versions of one play.


Sonnets
Shakespeare's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet" \o "Sonnet" sonnets are a collection of 154  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem" \o "Poem" poems that deal with such themes as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love" \o "Love" love,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty" \o "Beauty" beauty, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death" \o "Death" mortality. All but two first appeared in the 1609 publication entitled Shakespeare's Sonnets; numbers  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_138" \o "Sonnet 138" 138 ("When my love swears that she is made of truth") and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonnet_144&action=edit" \o "Sonnet 144" 144 ("Two loves have I, of comfort and despair") had previously been published in a 1599 miscellany entitled  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim" \o "The Passionate Pilgrim" The Passionate Pilgrim. The Sonnets were written over a number of years, probably beginning in the early 1590s.
The conditions under which the sonnets were published are unclear. The 1609 text is dedicated to one " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" \l "Mr._W._H." \o "Shakespeare's sonnets" Mr. W.H.", who is described as "the only begetter" of the poems in the dedication. It is unknown if the dedication was written by Shakespeare or Thomas Thorpe, the publisher. It is also unknown who this man was, although there are many theories, including those who believe him to be the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" \l "Fair_Youth" \o "Shakespeare's sonnets" young man featured in the sonnets. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" \l "_note-21#_note-21" \o "" [24] In addition, it is not known whether the publication of the sonnets was even authorised by Shakespeare.
Other poems
In addition to his sonnets, Shakespeare also wrote three known longer  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem" \o "Poem" poems:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_%28Shakespeare_poem%29" \o "Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)" Venus and Adonis,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Lucrece" \o "The Rape of Lucrece" The Rape of Lucrece and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lover%27s_Complaint" \o "A Lover's Complaint" A Lover's Complaint. These poems appear to have been written either in an attempt to win the patronage of a rich benefactor (as was common at the time) or as the result of such patronage. For example, The Rape of Lucrece and Venus and Adonis were both dedicated to Shakespeare's patron,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wriothesley%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton" \o "Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton" Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton.
In addition, Shakespeare wrote the short poem  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle" \o "The Phoenix and the Turtle" The Phoenix and the Turtle. The anthology The Passionate Pilgrim was attributed to him upon its first publication in 1599, but in fact only five of its poems are by Shakespeare and the attribution was withdrawn in the second edition.
Style
Shakespeare's works have been a major influence on subsequent theatre. Not only did Shakespeare create some of the most admired plays in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_literature" \o "Western literature" Western literature, he also transformed English theatre by expanding expectations about what could be accomplished through  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterisation" \o "Characterisation" characterisation,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_%28narrative%29" \o "Plot (narrative)" plot,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_%28fiction%29&action=edit" \o "Action (fiction)" action,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" \o "Language" language, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" \o "Genre" genre. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" \l "_note-22#_note-22" \o "" [25] His poetic artistry helped raise the status of popular theatre, permitting it to be admired by intellectuals as well as by those seeking pure entertainment.
Theatre was changing when Shakespeare first arrived in London in the late 1580s or early 1590s. Previously, the most common forms of popular English theatre were the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period" \o "Tudor period" Tudor  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality_play" \o "Morality play" morality plays. These plays, which blend  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piety" \o "Piety" piety with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farce" \o "Farce" farce and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapstick" \o "Slapstick" slapstick, were  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory" \o "Allegory" allegories in which the characters are  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification" \o "Personification" personified moral attributes who validate the virtues of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" \o "God" Godly life by prompting the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist" \o "Protagonist" protagonist to choose such a life over evil. The characters and plot situations are  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism" \o "Symbolism" symbolic rather than realistic. As a child, Shakespeare would likely have been exposed to this type of play (along with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_play" \o "Mystery play" mystery plays and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_play" \o "Miracle play" miracle plays). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" \l "_note-23#_note-23" \o "" [26] Meanwhile, at the universities, academic plays were being staged based on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" \o "Roman Empire" Roman  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closet_drama" \o "Closet drama" closet dramas. These plays, often performed in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" \o "Latin language" Latin, used a more exact and academically respectable poetic style than the morality plays, but they were also more static, valuing lengthy speeches over physical action.
By the late 16th century, the popularity of morality and academic plays waned as the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance" \o "English Renaissance" English Renaissance took hold, and playwrights like  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kyd" \o "Thomas Kyd" Thomas Kyd and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" \o "Christopher Marlowe" Christopher Marlowe began to revolutionise theatre. Their plays blended the old morality drama with academic theatre to produce a new  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular" \o "Secular" secular form. The new drama had the poetic grandeur and philosophical depth of the academic play and the bawdy populism of the moralities. However, it was more ambiguous and complex in its meanings, and less concerned with simple moral allegories. Inspired by this new style, Shakespeare took these changes to a new level, creating plays that not only resonated on an emotional level with audiences but also explored and debated the basic elements of what it means to be human.
SHAKE-SPEARES SONNETS, or simply The Sonnets comprise a collection of 154  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem" \o "Poem" poems in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet" \o "Sonnet" sonnet form written by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" \o "William Shakespeare" William Shakespeare that deal with such themes as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love" \o "Love" love,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty" \o "Beauty" beauty, politics, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality" \o "Mortality" mortality. The poems were probably written over a period of several years. All but two first appeared in a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1609" \o "1609" 1609 collection; numbers 138 ("When my love swears that she is made of truth") and 144 ("Two loves have I, of comfort and despair") had previously been published in a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1599" \o "1599" 1599  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellany" \o "Miscellany" miscellany entitled  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim" \o "The Passionate Pilgrim" The Passionate Pilgrim.
The Sonnets were published under conditions that have become unclear to history. For example, there is a mysterious dedication at the beginning of the text wherein a certain "Mr. W.H." is described as "the onlie begetter" of the poems by the publisher  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Thorpe" \o "Thomas Thorpe" Thomas Thorpe, but it is not known who this man was. The dedication refers to the poet as "Ever-Living"; proponents of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordian_theory" \o "Oxfordian theory" Oxfordian or other alternative authorship theories point out that this phrase, commonly used of famous dead people, might indicate that the real author of the sonnets was dead by 1609. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" \l "_note-0#_note-0" \o "" [1] Also, although the works were written by William Shakespeare, it is not known if the publisher used an authorized manuscript from him, or an unauthorized copy. Oddly, the author's name is hyphenated on the title page and on the top of every other page in the book. These anomalies have helped to fuel the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_Authorship" \o "Shakespeare Authorship" Shakespeare Authorship debate.
The first 17 sonnets are written to a young man, urging him to marry and have children, thereby passing down his beauty to the next generation. These are called the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procreation_sonnets" \o "Procreation sonnets" procreation sonnets. Most of them, however,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_18" \o "Sonnet 18" 18- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonnet_126&action=edit" \o "Sonnet 126" 126, are addressed to a young man expressing the poet's love for him. Sonnets  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonnet_127&action=edit" \o "Sonnet 127" 127- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonnet_152&action=edit" \o "Sonnet 152" 152 are written to the poet's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" \l "The_Dark_Lady" \o "Shakespeare's sonnets" mistress expressing his love for her. The final two sonnets,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_153" \o "Sonnet 153" 153- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_154" \o "Sonnet 154" 154, are  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory" \o "Allegory" allegorical. The final thirty or so sonnets are written about a number of issues, such as the young man's infidelity with the poet's mistress, self-resolution to control his own lust, beleaguered criticism of the world, etc.
Structure
The sonnets are each constructed from four  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanzas" \o "Stanzas" stanzas of three  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatrain" \o "Quatrain" quatrains and a final  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couplet" \o "Couplet" couplet composed in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" \o "Iambic pentameter" iambic pentameter HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" \l "_note-3#_note-3" \o "" [4] (a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_meter" \o "Poetic meter" meter used extensively in Shakespeare's plays) with the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyme" \o "Rhyme" rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg (this form is now known as the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_sonnet" \o "Shakespearean sonnet" Shakespearean sonnet). The only exceptions are Sonnets 99, 126, and 145. Number 99 has fifteen lines. Number 126 consists of six couplets, and two blank lines marked with italic brackets; 145 is in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambic_tetrameter" \o "Iambic tetrameter" iambic tetrameters, not pentameters. Often, the beginning of the third quatrain marks the "turn", or the line in which the mood of the poem shifts, and the poet expresses a revelation or epiphany.
[ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare%27s_sonnets&action=edit§ion=3" \o "Edit section: Characters" edit] Characters
Most of the sonnets are addressed to a beautiful young man, a rival poet, and a dark-haired lady. Readers of the sonnets today commonly refer to these characters as the Fair Youth, the Rival Poet, and the Dark Lady. The narrator expresses admiration for the Fair Youth's beauty, and later has an affair with the Dark Lady. It is not known whether the poems and their characters are fiction or autobiographical. If they are autobiographical, the identities of the characters are open to debate. Various scholars, most notably  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._L._Rowse" \o "A. L. Rowse" A. L. Rowse, have attempted to identify the characters with historical individuals.
Fair Youth
Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sexuality" \o "Shakespeare's sexuality" Shakespeare's sexuality
The 'Fair Youth' is an unnamed young man to whom sonnets 1-126 are addressed. The poet writes of the young man in romantic and loving language, a fact which has led several commentators to suggest a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual" \o "Homosexual" homosexual relationship between them, while others read it as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_love" \o "Platonic love" platonic love.
The earliest poems in the collection do not imply a close personal relationship; instead, they recommend the benefits of marriage and children. With the famous sonnet 18 ("Shall I compare thee to a summer's day") the tone changes dramatically towards romantic intimacy. Sonnet 20 explicitly laments that the young man is not