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1124" \o "1124" 1124– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1153" \o "1153" 1153
Malcolm III's son

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" \o "Malcolm IV of Scotland" Malcolm IV
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1153" \o "1153" 1153– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1165" \o "1165" 1165
David I's grandson

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_Scotland" \o "William I of Scotland" William I
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1165" \o "1165" 1165– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1214" \o "1214" 1214
David I's grandson

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" \o "Alexander II of Scotland" Alexander II
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1214" \o "1214" 1214– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" \o "1249" 1249
William I's son

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" \o "Alexander III of Scotland" Alexander III
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1249" \o "1249" 1249– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1286" \o "1286" 1286
Alexander II's son

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland_%28Maid_of_Norway%29" \o "Margaret of Scotland (Maid of Norway)" Margaret
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1286" \o "1286" 1286- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290" \o "1290" 1290
Alexander III's granddaughter, never inaugurated

The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Balliol" \o "House of Balliol" House of BalliolWhen Margaret died in 1290 there was no clear heir. King  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" \o "Edward I of England" Edward I of England adjudged the claims of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bruce%2C_5th_Lord_of_Annandale" \o "Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale" Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale and John Balliol in Balliol's favour.

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Scotland" \o "John of Scotland" John
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1292" \o "1292" 1292– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1296" \o "1296" 1296
David I's great-great-great-grandson

The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bruce" \o "House of Bruce" House of BruceWhen John Balliol rebelled, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" \o "Wars of Scottish Independence" Wars of Scottish Independence commenced, during which  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" \o "Robert I of Scotland" Robert the Bruce became King.

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" \o "Robert I of Scotland" Robert I
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1306" \o "1306" 1306– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1329" \o "1329" 1329
David I's great-great-great-great-grandson

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" \o "David II of Scotland" David II
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1329" \o "1329" 1329– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1371" \o "1371" 1371
Robert I's son

The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Balliol" \o "House of Balliol" House of BalliolFor a period of time, both Edward Balliol and David II claimed the throne.

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Balliol" \o "Edward Balliol" Edward Balliol
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1332" \o "1332" 1332– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1336" \o "1336" 1336
John Balliol's son

The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart" \o "House of Stuart" House of StuartEngaged to the Dauphin at age five,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_Scotland" \o "Mary I of Scotland" Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots was thus brought up in the French court where she became "Marie Stuart, Reine de l'Écosse," etc., to render the sound of 'Stewart' into French as accurately as possible. Mary kept the French spelling on her return to Scotland in 1560.

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" \o "Robert II of Scotland" Robert II
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1371" \o "1371" 1371– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1390" \o "1390" 1390
Robert I's grandson

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" \o "Robert III of Scotland" Robert III
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1390" \o "1390" 1390– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1406" \o "1406" 1406
Robert II's son

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" \o "James I of Scotland" James I
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1406" \o "1406" 1406– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1437" \o "1437" 1437
Robert III's son

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" \o "James II of Scotland" James II
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1437" \o "1437" 1437– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1460" \o "1460" 1460
James I's son

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" \o "James III of Scotland" James III
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1460" \o "1460" 1460– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1488" \o "1488" 1488
James II's son

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" \o "James IV of Scotland" James IV
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1488" \o "1488" 1488– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1513" \o "1513" 1513
James III's son

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" \o "James V of Scotland" James V
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1513" \o "1513" 1513– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1542" \o "1542" 1542
James IV's son

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_Scotland" \o "Mary I of Scotland" Mary I
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1542" \o "1542" 1542– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1567" \o "1567" 1567
James V's daughter

 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England" \o "James I of England" James VI
 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1567" \o "1567" 1567– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1625" \o "1625" 1625
Mary I's son


Monarchs of England, Scotland and IrelandIn 1603, James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne upon the death of Elizabeth I in what is known as the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" \o "Union of the Crowns" Union of the Crowns. From then until 1707, England, Scotland and Ireland had shared monarchs.The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart" \o "House of Stuart" House of StuartNameReignNotesSon of Mary, Queen of Scots; great-great-grandson of Henry VII of England; first to be styled "King of Great Britain" ( HYPERLINK "http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/britstyles.htm" \l "1604" \o "http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/britstyles.htm#1604" 1604) HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1625" \o "1625" 1625– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1649" \o "1649" 1649James VI & I's sonThe Period of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Interregnum" \o "English Interregnum" Interregnum, ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" \o "Commonwealth of England" Commonwealth and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protectorate" \o "The Protectorate" Protectorate)England had no king from 1649 to 1660, but was a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" \o "Republic" Republic until 1653.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" \o "Oliver Cromwell" Oliver Cromwell then dissolved Parliament and ruled alone as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protector" \o "Lord Protector" Lord Protector to his death.NameReignNotes HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1653" \o "1653" 1653– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1658" \o "1658" 1658  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1658" \o "1658" 1658– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1659" \o "1659" 1659Oliver Cromwell's son
Monarchs of England, Scotland and IrelandIn 1659, Richard Cromwell abdicated.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomie" \o "Anomie" Anomie existed until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart" \o "House of Stuart" House of Stuart (restored)NameReignNotes HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660" \o "1660" 1660– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1685" \o "1685" 1685 England HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1649" \o "1649" 1649- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1651" \o "1651" 1651 and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660" \o "1660" 1660– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1685" \o "1685" 1685 Scotland( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1649" \o "1649" 1649– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1685" \o "1685" 1685  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure" \o "De jure" de jure)Charles I's elder son (crowned at Scone, in Scotland, 1651). He officially dated his reign from his father's deathCharles I's younger son HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1689" \o "1689" 1689– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1694" \o "1694" 1694James II's elder daughterJoint sovereign with her husband, William III, II and ICharles I's grandsonJointly with his wife, Mary II HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1702" \o "1702" 1702– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1707" \o "1707" 1707(full reign: 1702–1714)James II's daughter
Monarchs of Great Britain and IrelandIn 1707, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" \o "Act of Union 1707" Act of Union merged the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" \o "Kingdom of England" Kingdom of England and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" \o "Kingdom of Scotland" Kingdom of Scotland into the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" \o "Kingdom of Great Britain" Kingdom of Great Britain.The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart" \o "House of Stuart" House of Stuart (continued)NameReignNotes HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1707" \o "1707" 1707– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1714" \o "1714" 1714(full reign: 1702–1714)James II's daughterThe  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover" \o "House of Hanover" House of HanoverUnder the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" \o "Act of Settlement 1701" Act of Settlement 1701, the English (thus, the successor British) throne could only be held by a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" \o "Protestant" Protestant.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" \o "Sophia of Hanover" Sophia of Hanover, the nearest such relative, thus became statutorily designated as the next heir. She died shortly before Anne, and her place was taken by her son, who thus founded the House of Hanover (aka Guelph and Brunswick). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1714" \o "1714" 1714– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1727" \o "1727" 1727James I's great-grandson HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1727" \o "1727" 1727– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1760" \o "1760" 1760George I's son HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1760" \o "1760" 1760– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801" \o "1801" 1801(full reign: 1760–1820)George II's grandson
Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandIn 1801, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" \o "Act of Union 1800" Act of Union combined the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" \o "Kingdom of Great Britain" Kingdom of Great Britain and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" \o "Kingdom of Ireland" Kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom.The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hanover" \o "House of Hanover" House of Hanover (continued)NameReignNotes HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801" \o "1801" 1801– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820" \o "1820" 1820(full reign: 1760–1820)George II's grandson HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820" \o "1820" 1820– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830" \o "1830" 1830George III's son HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830" \o "1830" 1830– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837" \o "1837" 1837George III's son HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837" \o "1837" 1837– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901" \o "1901" 1901George III's granddaughterThe  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" \o "House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" House of Saxe-Coburg-GothaThe Royal House name was changed to reflect Victoria's marriage to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" \o "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but she herself remained a member of the House of Hanover. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901" \o "1901" 1901– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910" \o "1910" 1910Victoria's son HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910" \o "1910" 1910– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917" \o "1917" 1917(full reign: 1910–1936)Edward VII's sonThe  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor" \o "House of Windsor" House of WindsorThe name of the Royal House changed from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917" \o "1917" 1917 due to anti-German sentiments during World War I. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917" \o "1917" 1917– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927" \o "1927" 1927(full reign: 1910–1936)Edward VII's son
Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn 1922, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State" \o "Irish Free State" Irish Free State left the United Kingdom. The name of the Kingdom was amended in 1927 to reflect the change.The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor" \o "House of Windsor" House of Windsor (continued)NameReignNotes HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927" \o "1927" 1927– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936" \o "1936" 1936(full reign: 1910–1936)Edward VII's son HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936" \o "1936" 1936George V's son; abdicated HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936" \o "1936" 1936– HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952" \o "1952" 1952George V's son HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6" \o "February 6" 6 February  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952" \o "1952" 1952-George VI's daughter; also queen of 31 other sovereign kingdoms.
Politics of the United Kingdom

Conservative Party - late TORY party - right
it is the oldest party in Britain (1876), father of conservatism in England - Edmund Burke
the rights - generally receive minimal interventions of a state
it is a political philosophy that favors traditional values
party which the most vigorously supported the British Empire
Conservatives 'believe in original sin'
Suspicion of radical change and inclination to preserve the status quo - however Mrs. Thatcher's Governments (1979-1990) was desrcibed as a radical Prime Minister
her programme was needed to restore Britain to a healthy capitalist economy, and a strong, free policy
emphasis on order - stronger emphasis to 'law and order'
acceptance of hierarchy - the most of conservatives approve of equality of opportunity
it is financially supported by industrial and commercial firms
One-Nation Toryism: this term is derived from a phrase used by Benjamin Disraeli (1804-81). He tookover the leadership of the Tory Party from Peel when it was badly split over the Corn Laws. His great contribution was to re-unit and rebuilt the Party. He also persuaded the Party to accept the 1867 Reform Bill which gave the vote to many urban working-class men. Disraeli was a novelist. In his novel Sybil appear two different nations - the rich and the poor - each ignorating the other. Disraeli believed that the Conservative Party would unite the nations. He favoured policies which would look after the welfare of the poor.

The Labour Party - left
the lefts - promote political, social and religious equality, prefer collective enterprise
was created in 1900
Values: social justice, strong community and strong values, reward for hard work, decency, rights matched by responsibilities
the first working men to become MPs were sponsored by the National Uninon of Miners
Lib-Lab pact has been the term used to describe a working arrangement between the UK's political parties of theLiberals (later Liberal Democrats) and the Labour Party, 1977-1978
Labour Party ideology: 1) Social welfare - state should , by providing benefits, ensure that at least no-one falls below a certain level as far as basic requirements for health and welfare are concerned, and at the best welfare measures can be used to promote greater equality. The Labour Party has been the strongest advocate of state provided welfare.
2) Socialism - Marxism has had some influence on the British Labour Party, but not much. the pieceful achievement of socialism through the ballot box and piecemeal reform, or gradualism has been much more influential in the British Lab.Party. Robert Owen, William Morris.
3) Equality - The 1979 manifesto of the Party spoke of the need of a 'permanent and irreversible shift' of wealth and power away from the rich and powerful towards poorer, less privileged, members of society. Promotion of greater social justiceby shifting resources and life chances to the less privileged .

The Centre Parties:
- its ideology lies somewhere between right (Conservative) and left (socialist)
- liberalism tempered with social conscience
- the state should ensure that each individual has as much freedom, including the freedom to own and enjoy property, as possible, consistent with the freedom of every other individual
- in the nineteenth century the doctrine was associated with free trade, freedom of religion and belief, and freedom for colonial countries to rule themselves.
- economy - government may use public money to invest in or support basic industries, and have taxation and spending policies to influence price, growth and employment levels/a large privat market sector, however, should remain the motor of the economy.
- negative views: freedom f rom concept - government control, heavy taxation, oppresive laws.

The Green Party
The Earth's physical resources are finite. We must build a sustainable society that guarantees our long-term future.
a democratic society, free from discrimination whether based on race, colour, gender, sexual orientation, religion, social origin or any other prejudice
The success of a society should take account of factors affecting the quality of life for all people
Green policies are being taken seriously by both big parties who have incorporate Green ideas into their policy documents

The Liberal Party
Liberals developed from a group that existed before the popular franchise arrived - the Whigs - this group stood for religious tolerance and the limiting of royal power by Parliamen. At the end of the 19th century the Party had support of large numbers of urban working-class voters (leader Joseph Chamberlain) - inclined towards state intervation to get better the conditions of that class
Liberals believe in the equality of personal worth of every individual
was founded in 1877 to champion freedom of the individual, equality of opportunity and a moderate re-distribution of wealth by means of social and political reform
the leading economist Maynard Keynes was a Liberal; so was William Beveridge, who was responsible for drawing up plans for the National Health Service
Lib-Lab pact
The Alliance - David Steel, elected Liberal leaderin 1976, took the decision to form an electoral alliance with the newly-formed Social Democratic Party in 1981.
the radicals inthe English Liberal Party - Joseph Chamberlain, followed by Winston Churchill and David Lloyd-George
the word liberal means different things in different points of view:
in economic policy 'liberal' is associated with freeing trade, the free market and competition without the state interference
in policies on law, order and morality 'liberal' usually refers to tolerant attitudes towards minorities or deviant groups
system with free elections, uncensored media, free rights of assembly,etc.

The Social Democratic Party (SDP)
was founded in 1981 by 'moderate' members occupying leadership positions in the Labour Party - the Gang of Four (as they were immediately named by media)
Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams, David Owen and Bill Rodgers made up the Gang of Four (experienced politicians), they had in commons:
A belief in the European Economic Community (the Common Market) and the need for Britain to join it
a broadly centrist ideology which accepted the mixed economy and the welfare state, but insisted on a thriving private sector and pluralistic political system

The 1983 and 1987 general elections were fought in alliance with the Liberal Party as the Liberal/SDP Alliance.
A merger of the two parties was voted for by the SDP in 1987, and the new party became the