materiály ke zkoušce

EO AND JULIET
ROMEO AND JULIET
- play of star-cross lovers (hvězdy jim nepřály), based on an italian story + it´s also in French - but here not as the drama
- Shakespeare´s source - by Arthur Broacke - he wrote the poetic thing - THE TRAGICAL HISTORY OF ROMEUS AND JULIET
R and J tragedy of circumstance - not of characters - takové jsou všechny other tragedies - tragédie okolnosti x tragédie charakterů postav
- R a J are prapodstata - essence of real passion (x od love of Anthony and Cleopatra)
- Různé pohledy na lásku, obsažené v této hře:
- the first sight of Romeo at Juliet makes him the real man of him - před tím byl zamiloaný do Rosaliny - not get a man
- the family parents - Capulets for them is love the bussiness
- for the nurse, love=physical thing (only), = sex,...
- Paris - love=matter of decorum, wife=módní dopněk for him
- Mercucio = typical renaissance bachelo
R+J = completely different tragedy, the theme = love and all the possible interpretation of love
- pak psal - historical plays and comedies
- a až po tomto období se znovu vrací k tragédiím - and writes
JULIUS CAESAR
= individual humoan tragedy
- příběhy čerpal z historického spisu by Sir Thomas North (translated it of Plutarch)
- Sh. považuje dějiny jako výsledek proveení činnů individuálního hrdiny - jaký je vůdce, takové jsou dějiny
Julius Caesar - has to make a choice (decision - between private and public virtues - they are not identical at all
- Brutus - is destroyed by his won virtue, + his policticl innocent
- innocence and action
HAMLET 1600-1601
- most popular and most discussed play
- the story - is antient, originated in Scandinavea - as "Amlet"
- senecan revenge play - by Thomas Kyd
- Shakespeare takes the Brutus Type
- tragedy of moral sensitivity
- Hamlet is very sinsitive for moral issues his hesitation
- Hamlet = developing of Brutus in JC
- ideality x reality
- variety of interpretations
- paradox of guilt and justice - the play is about it
- no action is not in fact an appropriate action
OTHELLO
- more concentrated play on good and evil
- zlo - je tu plodem nevinnosti a nevědomosti, Othello páchá zlo - protože nemá dostatek vědomosti o věci
- Jago - manipulates with people like with puppets
- he knows, he is an outsider (Othello)
- dostal se Othellovi - pod kůži - manipuluje s ním
- originally by Sinthio - an author
- Jago - zničí, Desdemonu, Desdemona je Jagovi jinak lhostejná, a přes ní se dostane na Othella
- innocence of Desdemona and also of Othello
- úzkost a závist ženou Othella k vraždě Desdemony a Jaga
- Jago závidí - vzbudí úzkost u Othella a nakonec je zahnaný do kouuta jako zvíře a začne kolem sebe mlátit a zabíjet
- Othello celý jeho mravní řád je tím zničen - the moral universe - aby ho dostal zpět zabije Desdemonu
- když pak zjistí, že udělal strašnou věc, zhroutí se mu svět - zabije Desdemonu a i 1 v otázce maurské - musí se zabít sám - spáchat sebevraždu (musí napřed zabít i Jaga)
- protože si zničil svůj mravní svět, který si celý život budoval
KING LEAR 1605 - 6
= contrast to Othello
- there is the subplot
- freska doby
- from antient British mythology, Lear=Seegod - keltský, starodávná bytost
GEOFFTEY OF MANSATH - "splácnul" motivy z Leara (together)
- i my - v pohádce Sůl nad zlato
- Gloster - 2 sons - good one and bad one - převzato od Sydneyho
- Shakespeare fills his plays with archetypal characters
- king Lear - is the largest one in conception of all Shakespeare´s comedies
here: nature, sex, astronomy, light x darkness, good x evil, knowledge x ignorancy
- greek chorus (also)
- king is foolish
- most paigan play of all sh. plays
MACKBETH 1606
- taken from 2 different stries of - chronological of Scotland - původní materiál x Lear - zde lidská slabost, člověk neobstojí ve své funkci otce a panovníka
- Mackbeth - "rakovina duše" - cancer of the soul
- jak je jednou to špatné zrnko zaseto - pak to rozežírá celého člověka
- kompletní vztahy - e. g. Lady Mackbeth a Mackbethem
- váhání - výčitky - čin samotný - závěrečné výčitky - nakonec zkáza
- Mackbeth - sensitive, able man, unexamined ambition
- but Lady M. - real evil
- Symphony of meanings - choice x responsibility, good x bad...
Antologie in Suplement - úryvek - popsáno váhání - je to vlastně Hamletovský typ - ale má vedle sebe fce Lady M. proto to udělá - proto toho krále zavraždí - ale má k němu úctu, je mu 2x zavázán - jako svému hostu ve svém domě a jako svému panovníkovi
- z 80 % je proti tomu činu, ale Lady Mackbeth ho k tomu dožene
ANTHONY AND CLEOPATRA
- most "rozevlátá" + special tragedy - is different from Hamlet, Othello...
- te theme is not love
"Or for love" - 17. cn to přepracovalo do podoby této hry, jinak celé 17 st. Shakespeara odmítalo + udělali této hře jiný konec, než je v Anthony and Cleopatra
- conflict between private passion and public - it´s not Anthony´s main interest - tak to udělal Drydon
Cleopatra - is shrewish (vypočítavá), dishonest but also beautiful
Anthony - selfish and rozmazlený, ale i kladné vlastnosti
- richness of characters, it´s baunded with psychology
- after 1600 - Shakespeare writes víceméně only tragedies - maybe because of the crisis in his own life - proto píše tragédie
TIMON OF ATHENS 1605 - 1608
- climax of his tragic period
- sado porno hra (ani ne moc tragedy :) )
- the world of man - world of beasts
- in his period - Shakespeare goes to the dark sides of the human life
+ Trailus and Cressidia, Measure for measure, + one more (?) - bitter comedies (x od Romantic comedies, viz. dříve)
= problem plays

1) Anglo-Saxon Literature 7th century-1066
* Anglové, Sasové, Jutové- pohani; oddanost vládci, krutost vůči nepřátelům
* Křesťanství-dodržování mravních zásad, odpouštění viníkům; v pol. 7. stol.
vyhrává křesťanství nad keltským
* Církev šiřitelka vzdělanosti, písmo, gramotnost (literacy)
* Germánské písmo nahrazováno latinkou (Roman Characters)
* Poezie v aliteračním verši o dvou půlverších, každý měl dva hlavní
dynamické přízvuky a libovolný počet slabik
* přednes poezie za doprovodu hudby
* stará angličtina ( jména+ slovesa s koncovkami, volný slovosled) a
středověká latina
* staroanglická literatura: světská poezie, epika, lyrika, drobné útvary, poezie duchovní, díla psaná latinsky, staroanglická próza
Genres: oral tradition, second narrative poetry = heroic poetry
Laws: in unwritten form (written form under Henry II),
Canon law, until 7th century church as powerful as king (oath-
helpers)
Cnut –many laws introduced in practise (in Latin)
King Alfred Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in old English
Texts of exploration (cestopisy)
Letters among churchmen and king
Riddles (short poetical works; entertainment, educational, logical,
everyday life)-old English humour
Charmes, medical books+ herbal books
Anglo-Saxon Leach book – diagnosis of disease
Sermons, homily – 21 sermons, fundamental principal of Christianity
In A-S texts: determination (předurčenost), faith
negative force,
in Christian Text: motif of Christianisation
Dream vision- based on the Old Testament
Paraphrases of biblical stories (Genesis B, Paradise Lost, Caedmon, Cenewulf)
Elfic (11th century) – Latin grammar, short dialogues
Symbol of the tree – in Arabian culture tree=zodiac, stars= fruits
Egypt – source of fertility
Celts- Ivy (břečťan) parazituje na stromech ---) komunikace s Bohem
Christianity- tree is a symbol of good and bad qualities; rise (vzkříšení)

EPIC
Beowulf-(around the year 1000)-the oldest known A-S epic narrative poem
its subject matter is taken from the life of the Germanic tribes in Scandinavia is from the 6th century
was read with the accompaniment (hudební doprovod)
the only one manuscript is deposited in British museum
number 3 – 3 fights of Beowulf
used kennings
contrasts: youth X old age, loyalty X treachery, Good X evil
elegy: passing (pomíjivost) of the human life, many battles (bloodshed= krveprolití)
fight the good X evil


SHORT EPIC PIECES

The Fight at Finnsburg-the fight at Finnsburg among Danes and Finn, the
king of (Frýzů)
Chroniclers’ poems – extant (dochovaných) 7 pieces in Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle
The Battle of Brunanburgh- depicts victory of Alfred’s
follower over the Vikings and Scots from the north in 937

- The Battle of Maldon – depicts real battle in Essex in 991 AD.
- includes military and psychological details
of the cruel battle
(essecký král Byrnoth nejprve odmítá nabídku Vikingů, aby se vykoupil zlatem a uzavřel mír. Byrnoth odmítne. Je probodnut, umírá a děkuje za pozemské radosti a prosí o přijetí do nebeského království)
POETRY:
* Each line was made up of two half-lines, separated by a caesura (a pause) and joined by alliteration
* Words beginning with the same consonant had the same sound and therefore alliterated
* each half-line consisted of 2 “feet” (a “foot” contains a number of unstressed syllables and a stressed syllables)

SECULAR ELEGIAC POETRY
* Desperate fight with powerful nature (cruel winter, dangerous ocean)

Widsith- there is a mention of Slavs; epilogue is about it that the life is
passing

Deor – a pilgrimage poem (7th-9th century), lyrical-epical poem; includes
even Germanic fables

Exeter Book – includes old poems (The Wanderer, Seafarer, The Ruin…)

The Wanderer (9th century)
-melancholic, exile of the soldier; kennings
- lyrical poetry (the mood is bad, melancholic, elegiac, weather cold,
icy, loss of something)
- dramatic monolog
- about exile (no friends, loneliness, depression)
- in a dream he is with his lord, when he wakes up and the weather is
cold, cruel
- way out (východisko) mercy and grace (slitování a milost) of the God
- at the end of the poem- nothing is worth, general passing of the life
- suffering on the Earth, in heaven paradise
-contrast “Ubi Sunt” (Kde jsou?)

The Seafarer
1st English poem with the subject matter of see
abstract, personal feelings
1st part: personal experience of the narrator (loneliness, far away
from home, storm, cold)
2nd part: religious thinking about sure death and the real home in the
heaven
personification, kennings
probably 2 poems joined together

The Wanderer and The Seafarer are parallel poems

The Ruin – elegiac, lyrical poem
- about relationship between man and woman



The Wife’s Lament
the strongest elegy
no faith in rescue in God!
Hate, loneliness in cave
No woman fate
(A-S literature = a man’s world; women, children, and animals need to protect by men)
Never ending sadness, desire (touha) for her man that will never go back, no hope

The Husband Message
a little bit optimistic
a man is in exile, ask his wife to follow him
the end includes magic rune
message on a stick to a woman that he is OK

Theory: The Wife’s Lament and The Husband Message are parallel

Wulf and Eadwacer (Stesk po Vlku)
Riddle
Lyrical
Monologue of a woman (she cries), call for wolf that must live in another island
Island = a symbol of 2 lover that can’t be together (separation)

CHARMS
saved 12 A-S charms (against bad crops, loss or theft of cattle…)
(mixing of pagan motifs and Christians prayer)
many anaphors (repeating of the same words)
gnomes = staroanglické průpovědi
Exeter Gnomes
manuscript, morality (mravouka)
A Father’s Counsel (Advice of a father to his son)
The Durham Proverbs – a one line traditional wisdom in Latin and parallel
in English
Soul and Body I and II – didactical poems (výčitky duše mrtvému tělu)
Riddles
saved 90
at first written in Latin, later in alliteration
subject matters: parts of body, animals, various things, natural events (jevy)

Rune poem – for remembering of the runic alphabet

RELIGIOUS POETRY
no steady boarder between religious and secular literature ( in secular lit. Christianity ---) ethics
alliterative verse, kennings, (tropy a figury)
Biblical stories were reformed into new by preachers (actual)
2 levels: points of view- first level – Earth, reality
- second level- heaven, fantasy

Bede - under Alfred the Great many works were translated into English,
Bede´s History inclusive
Historia Ecclesiasticagentis Anglorum
(Ecclesiastic History of English People)
- depicts miracles
680 AD gave God to Caedmon poetry in a current town Whitby
in a dream he saw a men (angel) who ask him to sing
Alliteration, kennings
God has 9 forms (ochránce nebes, svatý Stvořitel, všemohoucí pán…)
Caedmon’s Hymn- elegiac; the oldest extant poem from A-S time
-(about creation of the World)
Bede’s Death Song- o tom, že všichni budeme souzeni podle toho, co jsme
dobrého špatného na tomto světě udělali.
Genesis A - based on 1st book of Moses (Mojžíš)
a story about revolt and fall of angels (lead by Satan); they are
put from heaven into the hell
- source for Milton’s Paradise Lost
Genesis B- translation of paraphrase from the New Testament (known as
Heliand = Vykupitel)
(o stvoření světa, a pádu andělů a pokušení a pádu lidí. Satan
poslán do pekla. Pošle svého druha (ne had), aby svedl Adama a
Evu k hříchu a znepřátelil je s Bohem
Exodus – about escape of Jewish people from Egypt over the Red Sea.
Egyptians follow them. Battle at the sea. Moses divides water- the
Jewish people can continue and Egyptians drown (utopí se)

Daniel- incomplete text, includes latter part Daniel B
about fall of Jerusalem , Babylon’s captivity of Jewish people, dreams of the king Nebuchadnezzar

Caedmon’s School- inspirations in the Old Testament
Cynewulf’s School- inspirations in the New Testament, biographies of Saints,
cult of St. cross (St. Helene)

LITERATURE WRITTEN IN LATIN
History by Bede, Aldhelm,
poet Alcuin- scholar on the court of Charles the Great

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The Dream of the Rood – the most beautiful poem in old English
subject matter: Crucifixion of Jesus Christ in a form of allegorical dream
the rood is a narrator

Cynewulf’s School - inspirations in the New Testament (evangelium=
gospel, evangel) and lives of Saints
Cynewulf- 1st old English author who underwrote his works (cipher in
rune = šifra v runovém písmu)
inspired in Latin literature
Poem- St. Helene (Helena)- born in GB (přelom 3. a 4. stol). Byla též matkou Konstantina Velikého, který přemohl Huny a za jeho vlády se stalo křesťanství jediným náboženstvím v Byzantské říši. Když se zjevuje Konstantinovi před rozhodující bitvou kříž zvěstující vítězství, pokud uzná křesťanství. Helena, jeho matka, odcestuje do Jeruzaléma a hledá originální kříž a dokonce přivede ke křesťanství několik Židů včetně mluvčího Židů Jidáše. S jeho pomocí najde na Kalvárii hluboko v zemi 3 kříže. Zázrakem rozpozná pravý Ježíšův Kříž, objeví i hřeby, kterými byl Kristus přibit a z nich dá zhotovit udidla pro Konstantinova válečného oře.
- contrasts between light (Christianity) and darkness (paganism)

epic poem Juliana – based on legend about St. Juliana ( byla umučena,
protože se odmítala provdat za pohana)
The Fates of the Apostles
Christ- 2 pieces epos, in the second part The Ascension (= nanebevstoupení)
of Jesus Christ is compared to bright bird
The Phoenix
a long poem based on Latin models that were amended (upravovány) for Christian thinking
znovuzrození Fénixe z vlastního popela se připodobňuje k probouzení přírody, ke Kristovu zmrtvýchvstání a nanebevstoupení
SHORTER PIECES- fantasy
The Panther, The Whale
LEGENDS IN VERSE
Judith, Andreas, Guthalac A and B

EARLY A-S PROSE
a) secular
b) religious
- under influence of Latin
-eductional aim

Alfred the Great (871-899/901)
- established the tradition of the written prose
translated Bede’s History
stopped the invasion of Danes
he treated the peace with Vikings
his advisor Asser who wrote biography De vita et gestis Alfred in Latin
his follower Aethelstan (924-39)
Alfred from Wessex ( Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, Wiltshire, Berkshire) = political-cultural centre of England


Works:
Hierdeboc – a translation of handbook of the Pope Gregory I the Great,
who sent a Christian mission in England (St. Augustine)
characters of the perfect bishop
translated word by word, but mostly by sense and context
translated maybe Historiae adversum paganos (History against pagan) by Orosio – history of the world out of Christian point of view (zeměpisné informace, popis germánských kmenů, i o Slovanech = země Čechů
- translated Consolation of Philosophy by the Roman philosopher
Boethius (another who translated Boethius was Elizabeth I)
- translated Soliloquia by St. Augustine – a philosopher from Afrika
(in Hippon)
LATER OLD ENGLISH PROSE
Staroanglické letopisy
- depicts everyday dirty work (dřina), scare, cruelty
- In the 2nd half of 10th century – revival (Benedictines comes to England)
“Reform of Benedictines”
- Genres: homilies, sermons, legends, translation of Bible

Aelfric (955-1012) – nickname “ Gramatius”
the greatest Benedictine monk
- wrote Latin grammar and dictionary and textbook of Latin
Colloquium
book Catholic Homilies (explanations of Holy Bible) and Lives of Saints
biblical stories were adapted to actual affairs (události)
use of allegory and symbol
master in stylistic, alliteration
translated 1st 7 Books of the Old Testament (Pentateuch= 5 books of Moses, Book of Joshua, Book of Justices)
wrote Introduction to the Old and New Testament
translated a story from ancient Greece ( Apollonius of Tyre)

Wulfstan
bishop in London, archbishop in York
„Kázání Vlkovo“(1014) – Addressed of the Wolf to the Angles
written at the time when the kings of Denmark ruled over the England
he warns that it is the end of this world
use of rhetoric questions, repeating of some important words
emotional prose





2) Middle English Literature (1066- 15th century)
* feudalism, structure of society changed, change in language ---) Norman
French (Anglo-Norman French)
* 11th-13th century Norman French + Latin
* no literary (spisovný) norm, many dialects, disunity of the orthography
* 14th century English + Latin
* the peak of the Middle English 14th century (Geoffrey Chaucer)
* 15th century – centre of literature in Scotland
* Latin – educated classes, Latin Chronicle- mostly legendary facts
* Chronicle- more pieces of Literature not right historical events
* (v 16. století se používala kronika Historia Regum Britanie jako právní
podklad k ospravedlní panovníka na trůn-Henry VIII declared himself to be the king of Church
* genres: imitation on French models, 14th century courtly romances (origin
in Andalusian poetry and in the Cult of Mary), chronicles (esthetic,
didactic, legendary value), introduced with the national history,
philosophical works, historical books,
* ideal knight (loyalty to the God, lord) X ideal saint (eternal bliss)
* nerýmovaný tónický verš aliterační ---) rýmovyný verš
* middle class – fabliaux
* motif- growing respect of woman
* cosmopolitan ideology
* Christian church (literacy), dominant school ---) Scholasticism (Archbishop
of Canterbury)
* Scholasticism- aim: Christian faith with reason (influenced by Plato,
Aristotle);
authority of Bible and the Church
14th decadent of Scholasticism
* 14th century – Franciscans, Dominicans
* Anglo-Norman literature for Norman nobility and court
(ideal of perfect knight- brave in battle and tournament, honor, loyal,
serve his lord, defense of women )
* The works of Anglo-Norman literature were written in the Norman dialect
of Old French!
* Courtly romances in verses, later in prose
* Romances were recited, many women in audience (Eleanor of Aquitaine,
the wife of Henry II)
* tales of King Arthur and his knights
* Middle English for broad mass of people
* !!! Po roce 1066 vznikají nové spisy a adaptace anglosaských homilií a také
Staroanglické rukopisy!!!
* Chaucer wrote English John Gower wrote Lati