Skripta Pruznost a pevnost I

rz qrnuqueuela g.4^nloupef (Je€alm)
ragnos olef lrpm 1Z ,tII?p nu?uz or4nu ef.14ue1suol o, aclap Bu 3 r1-ruau,tpat ,(x,)a = a rypn rl-e1
(L ?.) ol. s -M
,f 6,{rll?p nu?uz tqDalf.t az1''tsuotl = e efo, o.lap su e? .rl-upld
'qcaluacord,r efqpef,{,r ,{p19u as eceuroyep gurgurod 1so1r1an
(9 4/
.4per ?urud oqelac r.r:?nzor qc,{r4auo1 z r.ra.uoJep nou4ruod lqoe lf,,t a41rua1 = $)t af 4 ,2pdl$ namo4
8'Z 'rqo
ol
IV
I
]e +oX '7
t-?OV+rP1 'r
?vl r-T
I"l
L,ol 'f-
0,1
d
t tsoNASd v tsoNznad
'02-
6'Z 'rqo
{vvrr)
'g :P'g =r'tg
f=lo5+
il[g
UJ
0\,
I
(HVI)
,U
'61 7 :qo uu af 'acqa;:1 ;fe,roqc es grell ll_Euolerr luer?Blp lu^ocerd .6.3 .rqo ep qpqg.rd gur naco
9:p1pur ure.r8erp ru,roce:d rurnlu5 V./J = o lsolsr^gz Du?ruoz_Brz ef gue,rorygp .urDr7olp pamntd
pan1uts avmr'fzeu '0V nze{$d nuqu1e191od I al_Ers ou_B^otislz,l af ppdeu ep1.'p)o : o lsolsr gZ
'e?,{t luqalnry nlasg oqeuel?ur e{lep ruparypod e zelnrd ;uptgpod efol .oy ap1
(

a)
(ol.z)
or
w
v_=a I
qclrrupu{nos ^ lnuoz_euz o4lsolst^gz onl .rZ }JerruoJap ;c;fep;,rodpo lfeJ 4}s
lsolsr,\uz aur?pqo 'NS? urarou qc{u;n1sgd o1p gugpe,,rord .llo4s tr4.eq4 Bu acfnory ?^oqut !*d
ruBrSBlp,ru^orBrd g.z
\
yvlt v HVt lJ,soud 'z
'tz'
'I I Z rqo z au48d ef luaQn llaf t'oo efn??uzo {ed es nznpl azetu eloupoq olsJ_ (yoz.O
'{dcu) rJEu.uoJep nolB^! nolr?m lqosBdz aDt 'lf?dzu af ?oc 'nznH zall.t }u^nFus e]u?W\ez
ef q3ru 1l nurpr8?rp ur r oaeld su (,,nmJ{ poqcs,,) nmH zeul norz?

cureu flgualBur ?psu l
t,f1*puro4
't;t1eu ;tlHd aqas po ts vo E 30''o .&oupoq'6 7 .rqo z ppr,r ef ry1'e;ruod >1 pgqcop
'a npoq nurlclfepr,rodpo 'uqdeu gg 'psopfduu ?t!?ols { rz?qcop nzaln:d fupuz rue^Tl^ Fooupef tueu
n{?.r{ usetqo ,t 1so1efde51 le?q - Juacqpz tllo,r1 1?fi Juqelqz eu gul?od esdo gsou .d ozarn tu^n1ns
rue?esop rjd (rd?) ?Icossld - ?t?^-q e (,"3) ?Icussle - gllel^ qse? z auezols afa acuu.ro3ap guqruod
tetsr.uz,r e1qc.{: eJeurroJap noupod 'xo nznll ezaur pqdeu 11-nouq_esoq yos00.0 eo?rxloJep gp^4 et
ztuatt r;]d 'Uadeu f 1 9oo?o tlsorErud zau (nolcruqcal) Juangus o1o:d ev4pg^ez 'afn ls^asu,qcqJlerd
nleneletu qcficrJugs,{.q,{1od n as qsorzrud za{u su?arzoupaf 'grqn:d aznod ofnuuo;ap es pue1uu
'aretuoJop ?p,ut lua?qelpo od ;felnz,rau Qtsou?nrd 2aw) 30 ,&oupoq op nlp-^oqAtvz UJ -e^o{u4{d
(ltsour?tal zara) no ugdeu ,{orryoq op qc (t)o = o lsolsl.gz ef 6 Z 'lqo .epod puepru or3
0I'z 'rqo
?r
tu
(l
(0
r tsoNAsd v tsoNznad
ls(
-27,-
:.{11nqe1 1c;fnpalseu spod
rue?euzo (T o{ rualnory) Z0t0 Z} NS? g^'t1n ?,OEt 16 pg3 e1pod.{u1p11aa ;gpp e;1pdeu ol4.1
(6 7 'rqo z,r) nurur8erp oqlulocerd 1s_up elo4ru;;d
ruple;od olef uol1s {ufe1s 9ur lug^o?qalpo gd lceuuogap noueuod e rupqduu zatu lsolshez .9
'nznq ezarn ;uogoqqd od
l usoqsel^ glcqsqe 9^s lB oqruz 1g.uoretl rs {qfpl oryf .?^oryt .fi .F,rrqg omod afwo pgdep .g
'(p) n)pn ^ e (t) nqsl ^ Aoupoq lfeuoumrz p e I ,kspu1 .tr
'ugdeu urrul-uunxeru pu1en$ qd apfop (g.Z,ipoO +ruotvlz0
Lt - ss yv0f6 Lr -
se xv
00s?"1o09 9'O
6' 0
l'l
r1
gwprl
3 truuprl 5
'tI Z lqo zr,r'g1o1del cu fut tsnez l;ceuuo3ap qcfiorlssle qs"lqo ^ lquelsuol,{pa| af 'luclsuo{
qcAcusela z noupaf af gsorz-n.rd tnpohl cdl,\ ';deu Apal 'pgdeu e4oupat o{ef gufats of usorqrud
nlnpour Dftoupaf 'lnpou ^g8mo^ oq.u (n\Dp) nqDt ^ !$ou?nrd ppotu gr,[zcu as t sluelsuo)
3.3=o
n:e,r1 ar gsopfdeu gsooupef?pedlld ^ (a1oo11 X) trrauo\gz
w{aoayoo11 uue;pgf,{n ,{{crleuraleur al O)o = o rlsolsrlgz lu?IunJ lsg? rur-Baul.I
e
^
('
It
L J.SONAEd V tSONTnAd
uo{92 ^+OIooH 4'z
'nz'
(.{toupoq grnf quqerz lru noqou Bpgapru qcXuapa.m fqnrp ;rq-utceds)
f19;ra;rru 9,raD1pu o:d 1ualsuo1 qr{,ro1-u;ralru ,$oupoq lulquelro I'Z 'qEI
st'z'rqo
't;uaur updeu nosfapl 'qcelpda{,1 qcgl ^ nlnpour B}oupoq !!!,{^ :}r?d?u ,lgft ;fq{1stu as
ap1 'qcepod{,r a,r afiqnod ryd as (,{-1uqd lolfnulrxo:de uoPls lluaul }cltnzuaqeJsg.) ?louPoq }lAN
;.0| L t Jrez 9^olq!J
,..01 8'z u91&a,{1od
l'0 pal
E0'0 ?tr z0-0 t!tquq
I0'0 ?e s00'0 u lgl^ l!{d8u - o^a{p
sTE7 zt'0 ?B t'0 ualgt^ lgpod - o^t{p


?B 0t et'0 sz'0 ?3 s I'0 uoleq
8 t'0 reaotls!d
9S'0 JOTII?JIIT
6t'0 BIN?
9I st'0 t'l zrroJq
6 LZ'ory SZ'O a't ry L'0 8u9!I
SU !-01 8 {e (-0l z {nlnsrl
8?ES \L U L,O opls
6Z zf'0 I Z'0 oaolo
Ef '0 sE'0 Intuza
L' st'0 *'0 UTJ
It e'0 9S'0 |trn!mpsrl
SZ !: U zL'0 rtlulq
0a 8t'0 9t'0 orqlits
il f'0 8r'0 olelz
9e La'0 l6'0 {au!z
8l 9t'0 66'0 z?sour
fl 9C'0 sl'l .p?ul
sl 'e '0 L'l uBlualsuotl
o 6t'0 6'l uupqd
al €'0 laJo
st €'0 t'a pl!u
[r-) e-ol]z' tl tl leat\ sotl3 |9YEIET{I
vvlt v HVI Nsoud 'z
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nopnq ureqosndz u{lcr8oJeuy .(ob/) a^oze{lld e (3r) g,ropyaleru e.qsrnDprer{. eu ourudeu e
'lqosBd leur?n oluar ?u eu'(or) ecl?p e (J) n{ul?r.rtu?^olls Bu ouHd rsngz ocauuoJop .t?pr^ ot{sf
(x)n olef au:puzo x ^so ru?rus aA elsru oqeuJaqo Ansod :Dluou:od
Y.E yti "l'nri= rpt) =xpvl =tv
{pet ' xpz Sruaorale qc,(rrpoupel ruamolpord npnos ou,ror af 17 rueTnolpo:d 9,ro11e3
Y'zxp'l = xpv
ouror afxpT ruuaruale ;uaTnoypord 1ed
\z _Y'2, ? xp_ =,'_::-l_ =;___ , =_=1X.1-tJ (x)N (x)o xpv
nzeqir oqguceqo z 11-aruap f,{1
'ndrusod oloqol nr4od euqa11
tsuol = 3 ;uau rg af ,p ,{pal
'{p?.r tl?nod a.Zout af xplxpV = t azert1 }rquptsuo{ 3 ar€uuoJep grugulod eloupoq of
urud ac19p
od rl-af ',{pqal uat ?rqour af aoeuuoJep la?od,4^ ord olllv = s nqeu,r pr7_nod a7 .euruauodqd n,rou7
(s rz)
Y.znt
l'= w
ov'f ol
JIV
ou^or el ,z ru5?nolpold
teme ol V=? e:rugep lpnod,{pa; az1
',rr,ur=Y'3
I
',roo, =!=
J
BUO)isz ?^oe{ooH z
ourror afl nza; u?ulaqo ^ pqdep .g.7 ..rqo
alp nrrud (;uaTnolpord) areuuoJop \?m e4 Duotlp: D^oalooH B ps qoFlgru qsoprz ?p"pl,u2 eN
erBuroJep lopdfn g.g
'92-
lNl ror.r =J=(x111
ppdzu r 1qmlsuo1 fpal a1
BU OI al ells lulllu^ zl-uul
001 : ze - oy ze;q.rd r af luue1suo1 '(nqg 14se1rr eu9,r'gqpaue'z) ;wuasuol rgIl 91ar ,r af (x)ry eus Frnlu^
:lualaa
9I'Z'rqo
Dtr
w
1;
.li
'0rt I I loco luur 0I = e
'urlrl 000 I =0, "dl^{ sOl.Z -3 usouz-rud ppo1,1 geylpoq sn e vn x,rnsod e rp,{1 n ppdeu a1a1r3
'Nrgl . I = J nolls BueE'llez et 'gl Z rqo eu gu?tuoz-Er.u '(e x p) nzel.rud oqg,rocre,r1p p,$ g,tolecA
z'z pBptlld
'l'z 'q8t ^ nosl 2 qsou?Btzo_r ?^oll9p elelruQnos ^loupoH
''yV.n o1 = 1V Apal af .{:19p eupuT 3Z Aoldal nou?uu
pald e119p at o1 apq'QV.n + y).o1 = 1 peld 'oueuz {Ef ?Z+ ,{toldet ?u?rlv r plo^X^ a?Bur l'erruoJeo
'aceuuoJep a^oltoupef lu_plo^,({ I auqepod ,(1ys qsolrlo^ ?ulor ?qesl? e[ [,-ulur.51] t $orlnJ
(s Iz) Y'z rtlr_N urul --T;=T=9
?lpnt tlops no^olloupat gue1o,r,(,r 'areuuoJep lsoTle g rsoufuppod fpe1 al
(il e) ,t v.1e J=j=ntt-=w
tgpgf.{,r urgrta,r otqt?l Itowod e4 ,Z lut^mopord
g usoufeppod e t psoqnl uafod aurapa,reT lu_eq-eursu qcpup qc{urf qd r aceuuogap fuep_ef-l'^
I
al I V
s
yflv HVtNsoud'z
- LZ-
LI'Z'rqo
(x)n (x),
\E -Ll z rqo eu ?u?ruozernat (x)n n^nsod E (x)3 areuuoJep aur?rrrod '(x)o gqdeu'(x)ry .{y1s rugru tsolsl^gz 'opur ru{e^atcuuo;op nosf nqeszor urgrrpmd ,r a4 'Xpat e,t(1d,{r1 .rxlx I o elrz-nolpord p& es Xq xo pgdeu r;6.0t .z 1[o,ol r'0 - lrl ,_or.r = ; =;;= Y?etto: af 'vo nznJl feut p1feO;.todpo 'xe aceuuoJap gurqurod 1ed'0L!
t I rleco ?rqrlqud gpr,rodpo 7oc '8dhl 002 =vo nznl{ zaru s lta3o z Eus^olorp elfq g.{1 .{q a7q1sa1
[,-unu.N].or.z = oool =!=,00t. LOl.z "v.3
[,-uru. p] .ot.gz = so lV
ior i=J=t
0t.a Els,"l so'o = [rl
..or.os =tr=!-=g
oqeu
afry ep,{1 isoqnl
af euol.z e,roalooH elg luluelsuo:l ??ulol nurauape^n a;,{,r l urapeSpn afe aceuuogap 9u.lguro6
[unul 7'g =
,Q19p rua4nolpo:d
[unul 9'g =
001 (01 Z oV.A
,,-'F=r==
an
nfpnos oqeu.l o;.1
,{par '(3 op g po Ialop qcplgtueurala paTnolpo:d
uaao: af J luo?oln nueu,rsd I uaprl{z^ g npoq ^nsod
00t' (0i' Z oV .Z=
i:.. --lV=vn000r. fot't ot.J
Apal 'p a1ft wa,opord uerror of y npoq Yn ^nsod
lear^rl oor = [--umr.*l 001 =:!-=(x)o" "01 't ( x)N
(xl9
I tsoNASd v tsoNznad
'82-
' t Z npsHl{d oqallepqd z eQxl rc?uroJep nou?Hd elegn
f'z psl{Hd
'nze{$d ^qrold n lel ?ufals ', auralld o, olslur 'ft l,,e1nu,,
xapur,{p19u rs afnstdrldau '(n1ze. tqo z ldeu) eurfeiz n;rud,4:auzo: lu?et9?od tl-ttosf :Dlupuzo> ,t otd
( ;t -,t,t -,2t. z). 0 - q # =l(,'t -,,1. | - e - 4,rt),# =,nvi =,,v
af auaurer oq91ac luo?nolpoJd
I tsoNASd V tSONZnUd
'zv'
u?deu ?^ol?od4^ ord eu,{1d pe$,r qcfuepe,rn 7
'd)t uso&\ed lzatu I 'v)t aur!?Erz 'nznpl rzeu { eueTez,r r1-af 'usougedzeq e1n-u et t BloupoH
\9Z a) -ft="o
epr 'oo ?uelo^op pgdeu as Fougts B pgdzu oiol os afnTrus'fusald elacz 1{q
ysnureu 1apod,,{,r gupedqd 1rs qclcrfn??lez ;ua1rn e ura1,{tdzor ev.,qguz ef 1so11a,l oqaf 7o111s1
'(nure:3erp oq?^oqel ?pell-?z eu) ?ulgluauruedxe glslz es ?uepo^n ru A 'drro 'tlQdzN 'f,tlututpod
lu|soutad e,r{nu as (SZ Z) eJru^ox 'p uexepur {?[] I uoxepur qul eurefn;11zor 'mplt e
nqgl ^ rumloupoq nululsou,rad nu{uz,n: s ,{pr.raluur o Jl^"u tl-epf (-41 ao tlsou,rad zeur u4lgduu
urluzsur af 'acqe41 1[n;n:od es ?rall 'ggualetu n (]t?uuoJep qc{Jena yu'zn auofnzaruo)
?leu^e?noq nosl 9re11 'Bl_zuolsur n ('y) vo nzttll zau aur9p911od F?dBu ]uzour 8z ruotud
t!c c, "'o >lolmw
,{pol 1lruerzeru p?deu ouaor pf,rfaueu oy{q pqdeu ;c;fe1tz,,r
,{qu lesdapegd oqnu ruaznosod nur,[qsou,rad 1 ef ueryp s uraqq Iu.erpumu g4 'e1o1tde1 ;q$1^z
euelouQl e[ qurf 'fzetodfq 1u$ouaad ;fe,r;7nod fur es ruemosod olnuol ) eplouuoyapz prlgd
oqeu epgruod es ,{q pue le!_€ueld yueTpez eudoqcs ef ac4n-Bsuo1 e7 'a,ro14 nosf pFateu! I? za1.n.ld
'(waqytez lD Aupg 9,rops 1;[qul epz 'lrpnosod qqour uroqcfqe hurot >1 guqepod sf tsoprz qcrfel
'eula?noums ruau (qcrulnlosqe r9 q:,{u:gurod) !.srxJoJep e pqduu uso41a,r 'lls qcJunlu^ tua?ln
lfsoqnl B{ulupod 8 llsou^od srlulupod }I'z
te'z 'rqo
6'v'r
vvltvHVtusoud z
- ct'
'?usp?nos .Ll^epB?od eqo rfnHds alal-f .oJ{ulsuol
'(etresdape;d r1-af) rulsoqnl I lqsou^ad .fl .Ieulurpod noqo
Z,{.rycuru.red & eurauzapu
otv>w
'rl 'aualo^op rreuuoJep su^ol ;,{,r[arreu oqau r;uaur 1-,{q
Isnur a3euuoJap aq .eure;ydegald .t1'ttsoqnt
sculurpod r eus??nos aJz lsou,rad e.u.nrpd uefeu oug,roq,{,r o1,iq ,{qe 1lsl 1_uparcur 12 zsg.rd
aurtuqr\eu tuaz\ez uouzp \td e l,lqllez eurJo^op aclrutsuol ?u?qpures ura{en I? tuorpl atI?N
't aiolldq ^ pu_Elqazor Bso1efdeu aureqo _.ud lamlgod qcntsou,rad e4qelralqo:d atguqorpog
aa qq z\ '^11.,\. qsecnos lsourcd uu lIrII noqorx ?lctx tualsoqo_.lo ur4,r c1 tq,rlqgd e lsouafl)Iz
az lez_pqi.4^ or4nu guqaururpodzeq ef qso'?odzeq ,&nu qq1o,,r Ud az lnouaruodqd aqap 9ry1 >p;,r
ef V -Mrtl rsE qsou^ed uaur { uopalP^ qsoupdzaq,{4u nqlo^ " Z = urrt, lse nznpl uatx { uI)peIF
osou?edzoq ,4.m1 nq1o,r lgruodop A?od4^ ?rz.?q ord a4 gu:gurs olef ryd lcrsodsrp I .&oupoq olxl rl
-nosfe51 '515; qreuuou A xr-qpn guze,rgz egx,rqo nosf q?dptu qc,tua1o,..op ,{roupoq Fq?n{uo) {.fe
;pegsord
ptoJdal t1366q61o qc;;Qu,r hpueretu qcelsolq$l^ tqpod,,{,r qsouse;d lu-Bq,zuIeu nqnrp) ;poqolo
?pe{ eu Isr u &furt qsou?edzaq ,{nru eq1ol p urexepn s nu'loupoq s o n?deu o1o; arue',ro:od
0 > o q?d?u qd I ruexapur s rurqoupoq s o eurau,rorod 9 lolmw
Itl?peloosn e nqrup elp 9t?I leco oml ^qq^^ t3 0f0t ,z
i,{uuou zl^ ?uqolpod.df .xf
loupoq
qcrupell_32 usoltle^
acn 1n I eznod r4no1s
,Qoupoq auapa^n
'&o1ds1
'1deu ,u1,r lnouqez
rlelrur?nos rui{uf
tL I .lgds + llls+nJ
oup e^oln_I
!ul!qqs
{qop-zu e,ro1q;
0r00 69
>i. {8.\s + llls+ nJ
Auulls + lv
0'L euBrlP euqq gpe!
0'6 irlDrn?u a4rt gpoq
0'a EUqrlolaco
VL !l IaJO
0'i ^utqs nJ '[v
,t591d a{,rocpa
0'9 guEtlq suqrt gp€E
0'L itlaFu arqq glFf
0'c ?uulole.o
9'l laro
?_"luoul otd eus?^32 o{o ^qop9u g^olElI
sI00 69zo,ro.rd ord s'l lazn 4{u?do
stlrtrBuzod drt xrl l9lratBW ts9Jnos NSJ BuroN
psouledzeq ,fuyu pso1le,r qrf.ra111u Ipe14:4 X.7.qug
t tsoN^ld V tSONTnad
oqeu
'w-
eJrzod$dns ndnuud uryqn,{^ ?.etol oqou
v.e v.il
WzJ+LJ)+ +Ll=lV
Apal'z1v +tlv=lv o;pf lrpm ef ezl 'rcuo{ urgulo^ unlaf euaf a2,Q;uoTnopord ;;1?lfap
-nl/trr Z'9Zg 1cqa8.reua - rueqetrlpu oqglcrureu,(p ;ua;a{ 1 dqsgd (,tuesnpoupofz) {uapo,rn
'(Bsel?l or{?u?rud) nln:d u?:aua F?"uuoJep
eu e z_u: oqrc;le,rg1o,rla ha1q1 er8raua auquz eu Apr.,tp af lalrupnos FlrrurBu{p ,? .,(pat eu.^ld
Gn z)
Gv z)
af 'q qoupoq o ^qolod oqaf ,{uquz
",
-u *,[ *, =,,zn I
{Pat e
6z
,a'r'i=Yw
af n-1r-ane1o o7ur91 t 14ery or4ttepr.;dop er8reuo glcqaur;4
+I="l
uarror 1alrm1nos ficmreu,{p
nT?ulelfo tr lqzr'yz o4cylupedop arSraus lnercualod eupuz af
'n=-=+ I
L tsoN{sd V tSONZnUd
luurl 46's = g. J =' IV' [,.N.urur] s-ov L =#h=9' tzanl o, =A=' o
apnq gpedgd u.ro1 I (nza;"n:d uguz qc{1q9u,{,u1,r r as nregspo) ry zar^n:d 1;ur epnq ladnols {1ac a7
'urq qsoufeppod ur,ruai4^z lduu eruamlgsop r.ue4Jus oqal'91os(^ of 'Lo lt; ns-up rr pgdeu g,roze, g
'!)qflr qcrhoz-?.r tuov,rus (p
lealrl ls'w -sts.'71=tts '[eat11] ot'os -szs.)71=)zs '[uaw] qt'grt -aLs.ts1=tLe
[nrur] 97'6 =' IV .'rl=' lV
nze;r n^ll^ Iu_E^o?e^n ud ,qoupoq (t
rrr ro'a - Tf.,l., =OO!*,=',
letrur2nos $oze; (q
unu 97g6'9 = 317
ef pezusop o4 ,irelsnos 91ec $oufuppod afg epl
9.4=(t g+z g+ r g).J=, g'g +, g.J+ L g.J=se 1yz +sz1pr +'Ly -" lV
[unuf g49g'9 -_tg.J-_se17 : [umrl 916'9 =eg.g=szM '. Flll.nllg'g =r9.7=3rp/
'z9-
[ruur] st'o =" 1V.'t1='1V
t t ,r'n =#*rl*r=',t
[,-N'unu1 n rr r=E4g :[,-p'urur] ,.or r, =73Jg :[,-p''rm] ,.orr=!E='n
^_ ooe _ tv_000r
t
00I 'vnI =--=-''
0001 I ='zo '. t"ar^ltoz=ffi= vJ
=tL o
rueqoegd oqalcgep npeqodpe;d zz Aoupoq (B
:!udraa
[Pdr^,I] sto : [ztryr1]
vvltv HVlNsoad'z
-89-
?uqosBuoupef,tper ' L- = 6 - B = (o + e'Z + e) - hZ = ! epnq qt €-.rqoeu pedgd ord .;dep .9u:odaz
1 ;zgqc/'l', ,{pedgd glrpmeu ,C1cpe1s o.r4 .0 = f rlsoulol r.rgdqs 1a;od ef frlm ,{qcge6 pedgd org
rodpod qo4^rlq,{qod lapod qr
:odpod qcfunad 1a?od d
sclnlsuol grud lapod 4
(,.{poq m{ua4o1n s r) p1.nrq[s leqod r
(r e) (a +d'z + u)- x.z = t
rtsouyoa ggdqs ppd !
:ap{
ESIIIAO.!
alpod nsoulon fgdrus nr?od uruglglfz 1e1;pod,{,r lsorr.meu norougts ouToru ef rcrn-osuo{ qcf,ro1ruo
n nqollr nolr?mou .oljusls algr4uopef o ,{pe1 es gupaf z qcaln:d ,l xps gureuzeu rg o;d acruaor 9,roryo1s
q,rp lesduu azl ql t lqo Du npedHd ;1 ernraor eupaf yq,{qc,{pa1 rua5a; o:d e (peqoJn ttrnrtop p unuoq
^) oopel au-?r.rzau p,rp afnqesqo ({ ,4so op +Jrulol B^oryols) Xqe,rornor e4u,mrpod g:Joqets gqpef
I't'rqo (q
'nqo1n nolr-cmau Alcqets aryr4rapaf o gugaf as e1.g .rqo eu .1dep .usotr?mau alcrlzls
?uqosButcr^ e fo^p '?uqoseuoupef o aur.rnl;41 .ndf1 oqaurl ruacru ol e.l^ oqau etll?^p houpef lruldop
Xlutrupod ?Ionels eqen ef yu4e; otd .elrrnau ,(rltpqs aurg,ra{zeu a.{rulsuo{ a^o{BI .,,{r{B^ou^ol
leulurpod qo,flcuets az azaod.pode sel?l no,,rp rueqosnd oqe^olls oq?uuatgzn .qos1rud ^ B)tu!?q
qc,{,ro1rs'y:1ear ruacm 1sa,ro:d orzoul ruau {c&atl n .rurac{rulsuo{ s aur?Aopes olsp? {E!^ as rxeJd n
''{qe'rou'ro: leu,rurpod qcAc$e1s az (rDp-qsuo1) tsgpnos eu rc;qosgd f1;s fuqceq,r
lrpm qcepedHd o1qcp1
^ orqotu olxq otold fl!?m ,tlrpels ,{1Xq nqel ogelsord z fped-ud guenqord pnsop {uqcagl
npsd.r{d oq?ftlrnotr ,{r1c;1u1s urolod I.g
OXY,.II V NHVI OHSI-I?UNSN
A>IJIIVJS A(IYdIUd flHJNOONO'f,f 'E
(B(t
L J-SONA]d v tsoNznad
't9 -
rU olmr lfof au4lsellrz f, xqze^ ?mqceuod op l(n11s ;qfpu,r eu olef lalgod
n1?od{,r uaqpq aruepnq noreDl eu) aU nolrs nol?mau ^{3uels lpBrgsu as g Aqn,r. ?u?u?llsPo
laur^oq ,trp:n Acuets ped-ud AqoB z g^gls es ur;1 {;uuep,rpqa qrufag ef 7oo ',,3,, oqeu) ,,g,,
qnup.^ uru?u?.qspo apa,rord !u?qo^n as npedgd urageu A '&l?m fqcuels pedgd ?u nqolg nolrep
eruepe,raqd rxp e rrue s nu,Qrpmeu ,(1cqels st eu4perqeu '(rye1o1n) fqan,r gupap(qa;d aru1{o,rn 1
'Xrrgmau ,{4cgets ry.quopaf pud;r"d o es gupet 'oueze{n 1 g tc,rurspo ,r 71f o1l(q ry1
:!uaraY
z'e 'rqo
"m'DU-
3 af nqel n nsou^md lnpol/{ '?Z'€
nln.rqo alpod g nops oqgue?pez y nzaln:d oqguep nldnols oq?lnu a^ n lc1ear 4so41air a196rf7
I'E PBPUTiI
'npedgd uryl9quo1
Eu aue?-?{n .{ra11 'dntsod ycrfnpelsuu te^o?pop efnpruodop es tlop q.&t?mau E wls Juelel qd
fqolg 91;1.rnou ,({ruets !uep{ dnlsod f,uceqg 3'g
'({trgrnsu ,{1cqe1s pedgd ef ry.r41o1 511o1 9usa;d
qcrf eQ laururpod qrlu?euuoJep lapod fuqegod tzgpu ,{p7,r ez1 pedgd Atpmeu X{cqsrs 4p?Dl ord
',{1u;urpod lulBuroJtp otord es yfe,g{zuu " lueceuuoJoP YeuJ klev^ rfe,lzDn acru,tor tttYp otII
' s qc{ur-eueu af 4lo{ 'JIII ol e)fl]ol ur9ls.{s tplsop uoqc,{qe lurtJru^oJ
rurp;pp trqdop ,{q-e,rou,ro: ,{4ryupod g{cq"N ?rlnu af qcfirqmeu ,qcqsr gpudHd l{tel^ n
'Qrud {uqel,tqpeu) $oll?meu no{cqPls ;upprr z (qcgrodpod qo{u,rad noap eu "ua?oF
af ecln4suorl) lsolt?mou nolcqels ;;tgu,r eurafn;rpol epz P,ll?mou ,qcqels r.s.Dls,\p ef eclnasuo;
'Z- = FL - ZL = b + 7'7 + OD - 9'Z = I lzVWAt rI' rqo eu r.{ru$uol ord .lsollQmeu Plcpsls
(E(q
nvvlt v nHVt oHilQanfN AvSttvls AovdHd trHSnOONOff 'e
(e E)
-99-
o+e
q .l="U
9+e
, .J="U
e3ryer gusPaFl
erxauelsop rurua;s; qcrfel .qc{urarzau nonp o cru^ol no,rp urglsAs Ho.u (Z.g) ycrulor s nlods -ereq
v.3 v.1u -
ol2:lJ +E;E- I3ru Ol
lel aum^clsop e (1 9) ,{ryrupod lu?DrruoJap op (9.g) ecru,,ro: 1q_u42,! eunpesop pedHd ;_zu o:6
lrgel orqour 1ed a[ cru,ror ur91s,{s {ue1sr7 .lauprpod r{rJu?eruJoJap op ecru ot Jul-Elrzq orulpesoc .E
(s r) q'(s-t'-J=sv
v':!
E;Fu-= I V
l?^l acru^ot tup)Fzg llut nopnq ?pedgd rua;eu n
tuolvz ?^o3looH ace4lde _ qs_B?nos gr?rnor
e lue4uez oqr;fgu,r gpappz eu rcBuuoJep 1so111a,r yfnsrdod eraDl .ocmlor Jup4z,,$ aura;;dup.1
rr8uale^l^-Ia (rJBuuoJap .p?dsu 1ls qJFpru,r ag.{r es oc .fi) qcg1u_eas qc4,r od ur_,{rrpmeu
,tlcqqs ulupo,ud s sf ,{raq '4'r-cfi alc-uuls pedHd eu uape,rald lau.nupod qcru;euuo.yap rua,rulsas od
e ,t1urpr,r rur,{,ro1ls qazer qc,{uau1o,rn yuaze.rquu od .rugu1o,rn od Xpet 1Xq pudgd fgrgmeu ,{Icqe$ IuDonTd
(' [) 0=QV+PV="lV-"n
nre.^t a^ lBsdsz ?{et azl noloq €y e g urelrs nur;fpu,r
oqsuezu'z nldnols oqelrlm Acuets rceuuoJep e^o{raf, ar'l ue^o.r ,,g,, nzel ,rnsod eiq3.6 .rqo apo4
(E s) 0=en
t{q lsnur an ,rnsod oqafe lnormsod a?nrueu zar olual as a?
g^XId.{^ oqol Z pnupa^ ?upo^4d o1,{q ep1 ,,,g,, za1 ord n4lnupod lupeuuoJep lFd surapnq ppedHd
tueleu A ru?ulo^n olsnl o:d eprae:dz eura;1d ,eururpod yu2urulo3ag .ar{rutsuo{ ps-s? r{r,fuqloupef
ruaceuuoJep zeu {qelz,l auursfsz,r llqpu! ^ 9re11 .Xry1urpod Ju?erlJoJap ,ecudpue erxr^ouuls.t
(z €) o="d+!-"a
nre,r1 ea 19sd az1 r[,,J,, ttnu4e^ ?lsJrr
^ 3U aclBal ruepoluz o1 .qrud,{so n:prus eA rrnrloJ nono{?o1s o1 e n44urpod nolcltsts nupafrysd
ezl nlBlsnos olnt old rolelrsou gupaf eu qc;c;qosgd ps nrre6nos o gupef as ppad^ud urgueloTe,rn n
.^q_B ou or Ap,nupod 91cge6 aurs;;dep .g
v'!t
L tsoNASd V tsoNznad
-99-
'eulel?qpauez nFIn su?uz epnq arlap qrrlefl uapal{z^ E gput nrta^ nosf
Blrud a.J€rruoJgp !L4set^ a?' npo^lp
oqol z tnoufud ol-^rzoru ef luappoupeE oloJ .u!rua?Fez pe$ rrl?qold rurnrpo (ld s grz^gqou,ro.r
fire,ro4e,rn nosf aolngsuo:1 ?w ^zgvz rgrud fqo1o4 (.11; :gr4frs) rclpasuol (noue ouuoJep) nour3gr.z
e (W ryA,{N) noua6ryzeu ord ppqo,rn ?1sFu ^ Brrud ,,{qo1od ,{uelsequz nost S.e .rqo BN .nnqo^n
oNpr ord A34turpod Ju?suuoJsp z eur,srpp loJu oJ FIeC .eururzou ? p ;c;fnqusqo acru,ror zupof ef og,
(r'e) 0= J-261 +6lsocttr1 .7
eur_eAglsop
?qtup op utruezesop '(^^etsnos ar4au,G ez atr.{d) c1y = rry orru^d gMrd,&r acru,ror ;urud 2
6= g _ glsoc. e 11 +21t1 +6lsoc.L1i1
uryrrlpl-rlD^ nr?rm aA e
6=glu1s.tN-dup.tN
af u1n491uozu. oq n:gurs e,r Iq,e,lourror e1u,rupo4
'9aoqe1 aur-epgqodps;d ,!ys ,(uqcapr e7 lurfa;z af g.g .rqo
Z (asnnor a^ol?ols 7) ,(q9,rou,ror ,Qqurpod glsr gzou g,rp rysd a4 olo:d u uspoq ulnroef ;fez_uqcord
,{p5 purlo: A lls n^qsnos o as gupef .z1y e11s efnzerqeu qrud oqgupue4spo {eul?9 .nle5nos rrolr?m
,{lcqets rJelsrz aursf 7ur;9 ! n1rud urru?uelspo af aursf l1po,ro.r4 .r.€ .Jqo Eu our1gtlz"u of ;ugqo,rg
:luaraa
t'c 'rqo f'e 'rqo
tN
rN
JellsEg
laql E = 8J =.9 = t? qsorqrud,{Fporu ,V:tV =.V =;y nrud,(za;g:d .e = e, = z, = r, Srrud qap
:ou_ep 1-et'g g rqo aip si, e W .rtr; qco1rud n,{1;s epgrl
z'€ pBFUtd
'qpelsfr
eA snuru tuoluatrlernz Ey'ozrlsrfls af aolear guepoJq n:prns peqpo fuqeS .9u,r9rds ,{1,,{q ;qeer olqs^e1
f1s,(rus guepgplodpagd e7 'p,rop6uol eure?Bur ?upepl DIIA^ rU I aU ec{"al e? hltrol { u.pol{zn
nxvlt v nHVt oHru?unJN AyCUVJS AOVdlUd flCnooNolre
- L9-
rLL^l e^ ll{pgfi^ tw ells ? ,b/ ',, nlrud o q?t-! qaer?ug.ot qC u $rud q?od ura^o)Tlec o
r.{n-qsuol a,ro1rud ,r noue^olnum{p n?:aua rupeuuojap no^ollec arua4ur (96.6) nqetz rulrz^nod
'n1qrurpod nrceuuo.yep alndqse-z e19n .lugrlgursu qceqosgdz qo,&2.ru gd elr2mou f1cqe$ t-e-qacrlr ,{ur?1s,,k
o:d r lgnod az1 (u,ro9.rquu9141 st?^ ,B^ou"JISpsBJ st?^ .Z) et8:aua lugeuuo3ap numrrur o rU?^ olnJ
'91r9:neu Alcgels (nlur?n ?uoeqo) alrs I uepa3fz^ yupurrulu e1{q er8:oua
tu?BtruoJep gupays{,r fqe'[s
rue?olzor e^o{et eu)lrrz^ ?^slsnos alr?meu ,t1cr1els a,r aE,tezvll'p ezl Dlsrpalq oq?{3 \eaJeue z
'gu,rerds ,{1Xg f1s,{us grrspgplodpe;d qc{at a7 ,y2ev, qa .aupep rfeze, qcft ,(pg
d rsoc.T+1 'l=zN
(6 e)
. 6l ,sot'7 + 1"u:-ft.!=,N
rue^l 0^ c^, e urv 'rrv ^tls guepalq eurauelsop (6.i) e (4.g) cru,ror urJue;eg
gl soc . 261 = ttr1
rlror.V'? =Y-1" e..N e.'N
euiauelsop (g E) Alulutpod lu?puuoJap op umrazsop
=ztv , !'1=',,e'N
^Ptl
v'1
e'zN
nopnq acm,ror ry1g1rz,{g
(8 tl gl soc. z1V = Ll V
lJ?Al
ar (n4u;urpod lu?euloJep) ruaceuxoJap zau qelz^ tgsd ouTour al .!1UliU e114eqr,rlo4 oqggg,ro,rerd 7
s'c 'rqo
rhl
tlv
,"'.;l+o r J\
, J-SONASd V tsot{7nad
urlua:,l1l€
-89-
. 6l soc.7,N =z*
- =,N
eugpgfX,r (4'g) acm-.ror 7
'?a{n4suo)t ?Aolrlrd rr?.nua rr4eu:ro;ep tAo{lsJ ,f
, E v'z'z V''J'z!-' '=!;'$';=+r.;"$='n1=,
3PI
'Ne
ne ^PJl epng
'apu gurror gpedp^d rrreuep ^ as
A11s gltlmau r'\cgels alpod ,i,rulsnos arfraua lu?ErruoJep ?^oxle. oce^uap p4,ercretr .,trg,r ,{,..o.req8gse3
aqup riourod ,{;prurpod lu?euloJop urrualpef,{rr lllel ??l orqoru ,(per ef ,$edgd g11rn:,u ,gcgelg
'umtrrturur o gupaf es e7 'rJezglord eusf u41 'fruodgzeu {pz.,r af f_leq
1zu e\ N ''a !-)
,w)'--,i-+ua11 ru,r:d efnporpor (71 9) arruor fuegs ?^sJd n{ugrnurz o eppl
( z