Quick Linux Tutorial Jaří Vogel

Quick Linux Tutorial
Jiri Vogel
Czech Technical University
Department of Technical Mathematics

Contents
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "lit" Literature
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "uni" Unix History
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "lin" Linux History
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "linu" Linux Features
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "get" Getting Started
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "ter" Termination of a Program
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "lea" Leaving the System
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "pas" Password Changing
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "bas"
Basic Commands
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "wor"
Work with File
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "dis" Display File
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "cop" Copy File
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "ren" Rename and/or Move File
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "rem" Remove File
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "fin" Find File

 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "work" Work with Directories
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "lis" List Contents of the Working Directory
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "chan" Change Working Directory
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "mov" Moving in Directories
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "mak" Make Directory
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "remo1" Remove Directory
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "acc" Access Permission of File
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "som" Some Postfixes of Files
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "det" Determine File Type
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "str" Structure of Standard Directories in Unix/Linux
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "oth" Other Information
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "wil" Wildcards * and ?
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "inp" Input and Output Redirection
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "ano" Another Commands and Examples
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "conc" Concatenation
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "pip" Pipe
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "sta" Starting and Stopping Processes in the Background
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "man" Manual and Command Man

 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "qui" Quick Tutorial for Editor vi
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "inv" Invoking vi
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "cur" Cursor Movements Commands
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "del" Deleting text
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "fil" File Saving
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "rep" Replace Mode
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "wha" What is next
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "work1" Work at a Distant Host
Literature
You can find a lot of information in
 HYPERLINK "http://www.castrop-rauxel.netsurf.de/homepages/m.hussmann/linux.html" http://www.castrop-rauxel.netsurf.de/homepages/m.hussmann/linux.html
or
 HYPERLINK "http://linuxwww.db.erau.edu/LUG/guide.html" Larry Grienfield: Linux User's Guide
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "con" Return to Contents
Unix History
The unfinished development of OS Multics at Bell Laboratories in 1965 left them without a good OS.
Ken Thopson and Dennis Ritchie decided to sketch out an OS for BL. Ken Thompson implemented it on PDP-7. As a pun on Multix he named the new operating system Unix. A new programming language C was developed for implementation of Unix and 95% of this operating system was written in C - therefore Unix is a very good portable system.
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "con" Return to Contents
Linux History
Linux was written by Linus Torvalds and has been improoved by countless number of people around the word. It was initially developed for small PC.
The i is pronounced like in "print" and u is like in "rule".
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "con" Return to Contents
Linux Features
multitasking: several programs running at once
multiusers: several users at the same machine at once
multiplatforms: it runs on many different CPU
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "con" Return to Contents
Getting Started
You can login to an UNIX operating system after you had been assigned a username by a system administrator. After a not very complicated procedure, which unfortunately alters according the taste of concrete system administrator you should see something like the following:
$login:
and you should write your username e.g. smith.
Attention!
Unix/Linux is case sensitive (as the C language). Username smith is different from Smith
Stand at easy!
After entering your username you will be faced with the following:
$password:
and you must written your password. (At first you will be given a password from a system administrator and you can change it at any time.)
If you have typed your password correctly a prompt will appear. For example:
$
or a little detailed prompt
marian:~$
After that you can apply commands. For example
$ who
It appears username of people who just work on the computer. For example:
spackova ttyq0 May 5 05:02
pmayer ttyq1 May 5 08:11
vanicek ttyq2 May 3 18:30
zchval ttyq3 May 5 06:52
wagneros ttyq6 May 5 07:14
vskl2309 ttyq8 May 5 07:51
cajan ttyq9 May 5 07:56
barvik ttyq12 May 5 08:15
vogel ttyq13 May 5 08:20
vogel ttyq14 May 5 08:20
michal ttyq15 Apr 29 11:37
strakam ttyq16 Apr 22 13:47
$
If you have implemented Linux on your computer you are a system administrator for yourself but you can login to any host which is equiped with Unix. ( HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "work1" See: Work at a Distant Host)
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "con" Return to Contents
Termination of a Program
Use (usually) keystroke ctrl-c
Leaving the System
It depends on the system. Usually by ctrl-d but in a lot of systems you must use a special commands
logout
or
exit
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "con" Return to Contents
Password Changing
If you want to change your password, you will write the command passwd
System responds (if your username is smith):
Changing password for smithOld password:(You will write your actual password after colon.)New password:(You will write your new password after colon.)Re-type new password:(You will repeat your new password after colon.)Password changed
If you write your old password and a new password correctly, the new one becomes valid.
 HYPERLINK "http://www.fsid.cvut.cz/en/U201/linux.html" \l "con" Return to Contents
Basic commands
Work with File
Display File
If you write the command more and a name of a file then the file will be displayed.
User can controle the output:
press space...the next screen is displayed
press enter...the next row is displayed
press q.......the command is finished
 HYPE