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Stáhnout celý tento materiálLecture 10: Conditionals:
conditional conjunctions
zero conditional
first conditional
second conditional
third conditional
mixed conditional if - jestliže, kdyby (depending on the type of conditional) ...
unless - jestliže ne …
provided/providing (that) - za předpokladu, že ...
suppose/supposing (that) - za předpokladu, předpokládejme ...
as long as - pokud ...
on condition that - pod podmínkou, že ...
in case - pro případ, že ...
Conditional Conjuctions Used to:
express conditions which are always true. Conditional conjunction is usually translated into Czech as “jestliže” or “když”.
conditional conjuction + present tense, present tense
or
present tense + conditional conjuction + present tense
If you overclock a processor, it produces more heat than before.
If you do not use any antivirus software, your data is not safe.
Your data is not safe unless you use some antivirus software.
If you put salt on ice, it melts.
You do not prepare pasta right if you boil it for more than 12 minutes. Zero Conditional Used to:
express conditions usually probable and related to the future. Conditional conjunction is usually translated into Czech as “jestliže” or “když”.
future structure:
conditional conjunction + present tense, future tense
or
future tense + conditional conjunction + present tense
future:
If you come to a lesson without your homework, you will be considered absent. First Conditional(reálná podmínka) Provided you use a high bandwidth connection, you will be able to download large amounts of data without any problems.
As long as you want to connect to the Internet via the modem, you will have to modify its initialization string.
I will take an umbrella with me in case it rains.
past:
If he told you to perform the query, he certainly wanted you to do so.
If he managed to connect to the network, he certainly filled out the form.
They could not have debugged the program unless they had its source code. First Conditional(reálná podmínka) If you play with that saw again, your finger will follow. First Conditional Used to:
express conditions which are improbable (or impossible) in the present or future. Conditional conjunction is usually translated into Czech as “kdyby”.
conditional conjuction + past tense, … would …
or
… would … + conditional conjuction + past tense
If he used a different refresh rate, his monitor would not be flickering.
I would understand every word he says provided he spoke a little more slowly. Second Conditional (nereálná podmínka v přítomnosti) If he bought a full version of the program, he could use all its features.
If the third item of the array were a string, it would not be possible to assign it to this type of variable.
Suppose he knew how to use logical operators, would he make such a mistake?
Suppose you won a million. What would you do?
If I were you, I would check the syntax of that source code. Second Conditional (nereálná podmínka v přítomnosti) Would you date her for a year if I gave you a million bucks? Second Conditional Used to:
express unreal condition in the past. Conditional conjunction is usually translated into Czech as “kdyby”.
conditional conjunction + past perfect, … would + past infinitive (without to) …
or
… would + past infinitive (without to) ... + conditional conjunction + past perfect
If I had studied hard enough, I would have passed the exam.
They wouldn’t have burnt the port if they had turned the computer off before plugging in the printer. Third Conditional (nereálná podmínka v minulosti) Last night, the compiler wouldn’t have reported a syntax error if the programmer had terminated every line with a semicolon.
I would have used the ls -l command if I had wanted to know the contents of the directory with all file attributes.
If you had known what punishment you would get, would you have owned up to the deed? Third Conditional (nereálná podmínka v minulosti) I would never have tried to overclock the processor if I had known it would end up like that. Third Conditional Used to:
express the combination of unreal conditions in the past and unreal present or future result.
conditional conjunction + past perfect, … would …
or
… would … + conditional conjunction + past perfect
If the computer had not caught the virus, my disk would not be empty now.
I would be able to share my data with the others now if I had connected my computer to the network and configured it right yesterday.
If I had not met her a while ago, I would not be so frustrated now. Mixed Conditional If I had not got as drunk as a lord yesterday, I would not look like this. Mixed Conditional Tense shift in conditionals:
He said he would take an umbrella in case it rained.
They replied they would not pay him unless he did his work properly.
If + would (expressing politeness):
If you would let me use your CD writer, I would really appreciate it.
It would really be helpful if you would rent some disk space for us with an ASP. Additional Notes - Special Cases: as if, as though, like (informal):
He looks as if (as though, like) he does not know chalk from cheese.
The keyboard looked as if (as though, like) it was about to go into pieces. (tense shift)
but
You talk to him as if (as though, like) he were an old man. (second conditional - he is not old)
Your keyboard looks as if (as though, like) my brother had played with it. (my brother did not play with it) Additional Notes - Special Cases: Angličtina pro jazykové školy II:
p. 95 exercise 12.4
p. 99 exercise 13.8
Specialist Reading:
Multimedia - Introduction
Play MP3 Files
The Tricks to MPEG’s Success Homework:
Lecture 11: Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive Revision: modal verb + (present) infinitive
He can calculate the formula, can’t he?
I must play the game all the time. I am an addict.
Students should not violate copyrights by sharing MP3 files.
She needn’t upgrade her machine. It is fast enough.
He has souped up his car? That can’t be true. He is such a skinflint.
- all speaking about present Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive modal verb + perfect infinitive speaks about the past and expresses either an emotion connected with what is being said (reproach, indignation, surprise) and (or) certain degree of probability (certainty about the events in the past)
can’t + perfect infinitive: (přece)
He can’t have broken his leg. He is such a good skier.
He can’t have said such a thing to you. He is such a decent person.
They can’t have formatted the disk. They knew it contained some valuable data. Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive Beauty’s mother: She can’t have fallen in love with it!
The Beauty and the Beast Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive could + perfect infinitive:
He could have met the deadline. But he was lazy. (reproach)
They could have installed Windows on this machine. Who is to work with it now? (reproach)
Don’t worry about him. He could have been held up by traffic. (possibility)
You could have had the source code checked before submitting it to the teacher. (reproach)
She could have meant it that way. But who knows? (probability)
Who could have done it? Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive may + prefect infinitive: (možná)
Why am I getting this blue screen all the time today? Your sister may have played with the computer last night.
He may have impressed her but he was not good enough to convince her.
What a speed now! Our company may have subscribed to some other provider.
He crashed his new Chevrolet last week. He may have fallen asleep when driving. Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive might + perfect infinitive:
You might already have put up with her being a junkie. (reproach)
The students might have studied harder. (reproach)
I don’t know whether it’s the right time for purchasing the software. The prices might have risen recently. (probability)
He might have burnt the ports by not having switched the computer off before plugging the printer in. (probability) Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive must + perfect infinitive - (high degree of certainty):
The system must have caught a virus. Otherwise, I have no other explanation. (quite sure)
The program must have stripped the audio file of some frequencies. How else would it have reduced its size? (quite sure)
He must have offered her a lot of benefits because I don’t believe she dates him out of love. (quite sure)
They must have got connected to another backbone since their transfer rate is dramatically high now. Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive He must have got really angry. Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive needn’t + perfect infinitive (nemusel, zbytečně to dělal):
He needn’t have declared those variables. Perl does not require that.
You needn’t have swept the floor. It was clean enough.
My schoolmates needn’t have installed Internet Explorer. Even Mozilla would have done the job.
You needn’t have ripped the CD. I have already done so. Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive should (ought to) + perfect infinitive (měl, ale neudělal):
You should have informed me that the network was infested with the worm. You are fired!
You should have asked me how to do it when you did not know.
You’ve got eye strain now? You should have changed the refresh rate of that bloody monitor of yours.
They should have apologized. Now they have to face the music.
Every programmer ought to have been taught how to configure the system. Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive Negatives:
He couldn’t have been so cruel to you. (určitě nebyl)
The program may not have been as hard to make as she says. (možná nebylo tak těžké …)
He might not have been aware of it. (možná nebyl)
He must not have done it. - WRONG!
He should not have given the secret away. He shall pay for it. Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive If …….. the way that this would end If ……... the last page first If ……... the strength to walk away If ……... how this would hurt
(Chorus:) I ……………… anyway ……….. all the same Not a second …….. change Not a touch that ……... trade ……………………………….
……………………………….
It's bittersweet to look back now At memories withered on the vine Just to hold you close to me For a moment in time
(Repeat chorus)
(Bridge:) And, even …………. it coming ………. seen me running Straight into your arms
(Repeat chorus) Angličtina pro jazykové školy II:
p. 113 exercise 15.10
Specialist Reading:
Computing Support Officer - Introduction
The Processor
General Features of Operating Systems Homework:
Lecture 12: Time Clauses and their Conjunctions
Saxon Genitive
So do I., Neither do I., and their Variations conjunctions introducing time clauses:
when, while, before, after, as soon as (jakmile), till, until, once (jak jednou), by the time (když), whenever (kdykoliv), the moment (v tu chvíli, kdy)
the rule to remember: Time clauses (introduced with one of the conjunctions above) must never contain future tense. When referring to future, they have to use present tense. Time Clauses and their Conjunctions The picture will be breaking up when you start playing the file without the new codec.
After you plug a new piece of hardware in, Windows will automatically detect it and assign the right driver to it.
I will not start selling the program until I debug it.
They say they will check my hardware settings while I wait (na počkání).
You will be able to install that operating system as soon as you re-partition your drive.
You will receive the file by the time you are done with the conversion.
Whenever he asks me for it, I will not help him out. Martin Dvořák:
Time Clauses and their Conjunctions The moment he opens his mouth, you will realize his breath is so bad that it could knock a buzzard off a manure wagon. Time Clauses and their Conjunctions Special case: use of present perfect in time clauses introduced by when, as soon as, after, once, etc. to describe an action which will be completed before the action in the main clause
You will get a pretty well-paid job when you have graduated from this school.
Once I have
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