Peterka počítačové sítě.pdf

HVQp IRUPiOQt Y\PH]HQt W FKWR GYRX SRMP$ VH UDG ML QHEXGHPH SRNRXªHW -GH
WRWL R GY NDWHJRULH GR NWHUŒFK VH GQHV SR tWD RYp VtW UR]G OXMt VStªH LQWXLWLYQtP
]S$VREHP QHER" PH]L QLPL QHH[LVWXMt S HVQ GHILQRYDQp KUDQLFH 6RXVW HGtPH VH
SURWR VStªH QD W\SLFNp RGOLªQRVWL RERX NDWHJRULt
+ODYQtP UR]OLªXMtFtP NULWpULHP MDN RVWDWQ QDSRYtGDMt VORYt ND ORNiOQt D UR]OHKOi
MH S HGHYªtP JHRJUDILFNi REODVW QD NWHUp MVRX MHGQRWOLYp X]ORYp SR tWD H UR]PtVW Q\
/RNiOQt SR tWD RYi Vt" VH QHM DVW ML UR]NOiGi Y MHGLQp PtVWQRVWL Y Q NROLND
PtVWQRVWHFK Y MHGQp EXGRY S tSDGQ Y UiPFL Q NROLND VRXVHGQtFK EXGRY L QDS Y
UiPFL DUHiOX XQLYHU]LW\ 9]GiOHQRVW PH]L MHGQRWOLYŒPL X]ORYŒPL SR tWD L ORNiOQt VtW
MH WHG\ QHM DVW ML Y iGX MHGQRWHN D VWRYHN PHWU$ YKRGQŒPL WHFKQLFNŒPL SURVW HGN\
ML DOH O]H ]YλLW L QDS QD Q NROLN NLORPHWU$ 1DSURWL WRPX X]ORYp SR tWD H UR]OHKOp
VtW EŒYDMt UR]PtVW Q\ YH Y WªtP UHJLRQX QDS Y U$]QŒFK P VWHFK L GRNRQFH QD
U$]QŒFK NRQWLQHQWHFK
’DOªt RGOLªQRVWt PH]L ORNiOQt D UR]OHKORX SR tWD RYRX VtWt EŒYi WDNp GUXK X]ORYŒFK
SR tWD $ 8 ORNiOQtFK VtWt MGH REY\NOH R RVREQt SR tWD H D W]Y SUDFRYQt VWDQLFH WHG\ R
SR tWD H NWHUp MVRX XU HQ\ YHVP V SUR MHGLQpKR X LYDWHOH D MVRX Y SURYR]X MHQ WHKG\
NG\ MH X LYDWHO VNXWH Q SRW HEXMH 1DRSDN X]ORYŒPL SR tWD L UR]OHKOŒFK VtWt EŒYDMt
QHM DVW ML SR tWD H ] NDWHJRULH W]Y VW HGLVNRYŒFK S tSDGQ PLQLSR tWD H WHG\ VWURMH
Y\EDYHQp VtWt WHUPLQiO$ VFKRSQp VORX LW Y WªtPX SR WX X LYDWHO$ VRX DVQ D SUDFXMtFt
QHS HWU LW 6 WtP WDNp VRXYLVt RGOLªQŒ RVXG ]SUiY NWHUp QHO]H Y VtWL LKQHG S HGDW MHMtP
DGUHViW$P 9 UR]OHKOp VtWL MH ]SUiYD GRUX HQD D GR S tVOXªQpKR X]ORYpKR SR tWD H
NWHUΠMH WUYDOH Y SURYR]X D ]GH VH XFKRYiYi D GR GRE\ QH VL MHMt DGUHViW VHGQH N
- 3HWHUND &R MH tP Y SR tWD RYŒFK VtWtFK
GtO VWUDQD
WHUPLQiOX S LKOiVt VH GR V\VWpPX D ]SUiYX VL S HYH]PH 1DRSDN Y ORNiOQt VtWL VH
]SUiYD SR XSR]RUQ Qt MHMtKR RGHVLODWHOH REY\NOH ]WUiFt QHER" SR tWD QD NWHUΠE\
P OD EŒW GRUX HQD QHQt SUiY Y SURYR]X
5R]GtO EŒYi WDNp YH ]S$VREX MDNŒP MVRX X]ORYp SR tWD H ORNiOQt D UR]OHKOp SR tWD H
SURSRMHQ\ 8 ORNiOQtFK VtWt VL YHªNHUŒ KDUGZDUH SRW HEQŒ N SURSRMHQt SR tWD $ WM
NDEHOi UR]ER RYD H DSRG NXSXMH PDMLWHO UHVS SURYR]RYDWHO VtW 9HOPL DVWR MVRX
YªHFKQ\ X]ORYp SR tWD H S LSRMHQ\ QD MHGLQp VSROH Qp NRPXQLND Qt PpGLXP NWHUp
SDN IXQJXMH MDNR W]Y VE UQLFH (IHNW MH WDNRYΠH ND GΠX]ORYΠSR tWD P$ H PtW
S tPp VSRMHQt V NWHUŒPNROL MLQŒP SR tWD HP Y ORNiOQt VtWL D RED SR tWD H WDN PRKRX
NRPXQLNRYDW S tPR EH] MDNŒFKNROL SURVW HGQtN$ 1DRSDN X UR]OHKOŒFK VtWt MVRX
MHGQRWOLYp X]ORYp SR tWD H UR]PtVW Qp YH Y WªtFK Y]GiOHQRVWHFK RG VHEH SURSRMHQ\
SRPRFt S HQRVRYŒFK NDQiO$ NWHUp VL PDMLWHO UHVS SURYR]RYDWHO VtW QHM DVW ML SRX]H
SURQDMtPi RG VSRMRYŒFK RUJDQL]DFt D QHMVRX WHG\ MHKR PDMHWNHP 3URQiMHP EŒYi
]QD Q QiNODGQŒ SURWR X UR]OHKOŒFK VtWt QHQt ~QRVQp SURSRMRYDW MHGQRWOLYp SR tWD H
WDN DE\ ND GŒ ] QLFK PRKO PtW S tPp VSRMHQt V NWHUŒPNROL MLQŒP ’YD X]ORYp SR tWD H
UR]OHKOp VtW WHG\ PRKRX EŒW SUR Y]iMHPQRX NRPXQLNDFL RGNi]iQ\ QD Q NROLN
SURVW HGQtN$ WM QD Q NROLN PH]LOHKOŒFK X]ORYŒFK SR tWD $
’DOªt RGOLªQRVWt PH]L ORNiOQt D UR]OHKORX VtWt EŒYi WDNp ~ HO NH NWHUpPX MH Vt"
] L]RYiQD 9 S tSDG ORNiOQtFK VtWtFK MGH REY\NOH R PR QRVW VGtOHQt QiNODGQŒFK
SHULIHULt QDS NYDOLWQtFK WLVNiUHQ YHONRNDSDFLWQtFK ]iOR QtFK SDP Wt D R PR QRVW
VGtOHQt VRXERU$ D S tVWXS GR VSROH QŒFK GDWDEi]t 8 UR]OHKOŒFK VtWt EŒYi KODYQtP
FtOHP XPR QLW S HQRV ]SUiY D GDWRYŒFK VRXERU$ QD Y Wªt Y]GiOHQRVWL PR QRVW ]tVNDW
S tPŒ S tVWXS QD Y]GiOHQŒ SR tWD Y\X LWt YŒSR HWQt NDSDFLW\ MLQpKR SR tWD H Y VtWL
QDS VXSHUSR tWD H PR QRVW S tVWXSX GR UR]ViKOŒFK FHQWUiOQtFK GDWDEi]t DSRG
= SRKOHGX X LYDWHOH YªDN UR]OLªRYiQt PH]L ORNiOQt D UR]OHKORX VtWt SRVWXSQ ]WUiFt
YŒ]QDP 6WiOH DVW ML WRWL GRFKi]t N Y]iMHPQpPX SURSRMRYiQt UR]OHKOŒFK D ORNiOQtFK
VtWt -HGQtP ] PHFKDQLVP$ NWHUŒP VH WDN G MH MH Y]iMHPQp SURSRMRYiQt MHGQRWOLYŒFK
ORNiOQtFK VtWt SURVW HGQLFWYtP VtWt UR]OHKOŒFK ORNiOQt VtW ]GH YODVWQ ]D tQDMt
Y\VWXSRYDW Y UROL NRQFRYŒFK X]ORYŒFK SR tWD $ UR]OHKOŒFK VtWt 1DY]iMHP VH YªDN
SURSRMXMt L MHGQRWOLYp UR]OHKOp VtW D Y]QLNi FHOŒ NRQJORPHUiW Y]iMHPQ SURSRMHQŒFK
VtWt YH NWHUpP VH SUR X LYDWHOH ]FHOD ]WUiFt UR]GtO PH]L ORNiOQt D UR]OHKORX VtWt
YªHFKQ\ SURSRMHQp SR tWD H VH SUR X LYDWHOH VWiYDMt ] KOHGLVND S tVWXSX N VtWL
URYQRFHQQp D QDEt]t PX VWHMQp PR QRVWL Y\X LWt YªHFK ]GURM$ VOX HE D SURVW HGN$
NWHUp Vt" UHVS FHOΠNRQJORPHUiW VtWt QDEt]t
=iNODGQt IRUP\ S HQRV$
9 SR tWD RYŒFK VtWtFK VH P$ HPH VHWNDW V QHMU$]Q MªtPL IRUPDPL S HQRVX VLJQiO$
NWHUp PRKRX EŒW QDYtF U$]QŒP ]S$VREHP PRGXORYiQ\ NyGRYiQ\ D N MHMLFK S HQRVX
VH PRKRX SRX tYDW S HQRVRYp NDQiO\ U$]QŒFK YODVWQRVWt D FKDUDNWHULVWLN =D Q PH
WHG\ SUiY X PR QŒFK IRUHP S HQRVX VLJQiO$
3DUDOHOQt D VpULRYΠS HQRV 3DUDOOHO DQG VHULDO WUDQVPLVVLRQ
3 L SDUDOHOQtP S HQRVX MVRX GDWD S HQiªHQD SR YtFH ELWHFK QDMHGQRX W\SLFN\ SR
FHOŒFK E\WHFK . WRPX MH RYªHP ]DSRW HEt S tVOXªQŒ SR HW VRXE QŒFK SDUDOHOQtFK
YRGL $ FR MH ~QRVQp MHQ QD NUiWNp Y]GiOHQRVWL W\SLFN\ PHWU$ 6 SDUDOHOQtP
S HQRVHP VH P$ HPH VHWNDW QHM DVW ML PH]L SR tWD HP D WLVNiUQRX Y\EDYHQRX W]Y
- 3HWHUND &R MH tP Y SR tWD RYŒFK VtWtFK
GtO VWUDQD
SDUDOHOQtP UR]KUDQtP FR MH VWDQGDUGQt S tSDG Y REODVWL SR tWD RYŒFK VtWt SDN MHQ
]FHOD Y\MtPH Q X Q NWHUŒFK H[SHULPHQWiOQtFK ORNiOQtFK VtWt
3 L VpULRYpP S HQRVX MVRX GDWD S HQiªHQD SRVWXSQ ELW SR ELWX QHMQL ªtP S HVQ ML
QHMPpQ YŒ]QDPQŒP SR tQDMH 9 GUWLYp Y WªLQ VtWt MH S HQRV GDW VpULRYŒ 1HMPHQªt
SROR ND GDW S HQiªHQi VpULRY MH R]QD RYiQD MDNR ]QDN FKDUDFWHU D Pi REY\NOH
UR]VDK QHER ELW$ =QDN Y\MiG HQŒ S tPR YH IRUP SRVORXSQRVWL GYRMNRYŒFK ELW$
NWHUp VH VNXWH Q S HQiªHMt VH SDN R]QD XMH MDNR ]QD ND
6pULRYΠDV\QFKURQQt S HQRV 6HULDO DV\QFKURQRXV WUDQVPLVVLRQ
3 L DV\QFKURQQtP VpULRYpP S HQRVX PRKRX EŒW MHGQRWOLYp ]QDN\ S HVQ ML ]QD N\
S HQiªHQ\ V OLERYROQŒPL DVRYŒPL RGVWXS\ PH]L VHERX 3 tMHPFH SDN RYªHP QHP$ H
S HGHP Y G W NG\ ]D tQi GDOªt ]QDN D SURWR PXVt EŒW VFKRSHQ MHKR S tFKRG SRGOH
YKRGQpKR S t]QDNX UR]SR]QDW 7tPWR S t]QDNHP MH W]Y VWDUW ELW Wp UR]E KRYŒ
SUYHN YL] REUi]HN NWHUŒP ]D tQi ND GŒ DV\QFKURQQ S HQiªHQŒ ]QDN 3 tFKRG
VWDUW ELWX MH SUR S tMHPFH VRX DVQ L PR QRVWt VSUiYQ VL QDVWDYLW VYp P tWNR DVX
S HVQ ML VYRX DVRYRX ]iNODGQX 7R MH QXWQp SURWR DE\ S tMHPFH VSUiYQ XU LO
DVRYp RNDP LN\ NG\ Pi Y\KRGQRFRYDW VWDY MHGQRWOLYŒFK GDWRYŒFK ELW$ NWHUp SR
VWDUW ELWX QiVOHGXMt
=D YODVWQtPL GDWRYŒPL ELW\ P$ H QiVOHGRYDW MHGHQ W]Y SDULWQt ELW YL] GiOH D
NRQH Q W]Y VWRS ELW Wp ]iY UQΠSUYHN MHKR GpOND REY\NOH RGSRYtGi GpOFH
MHGQRKR QHER GYRX GDWRYŒFK ELW$ 6WRS ELW Y VRE QHQHVH iGQRX LQIRUPDFL MHKR
VP\VOHP MH SRX]H ]DMLVWLW XU LWŒ PLQLPiOQt RGVWXS PH]L MHGQRWOLYŒPL ]QDN\ Y\VOiQt
QiVOHGXMtFtKR ]QDNX P$ H ]D tW QHMG tYH SR RGY\VtOiQt FHOpKR S HGFKR]tKR ]QDNX
WHG\ Y HWQ MHKR VWRS ELWX
$V\QFKURQQtPX ]S$VREX S HQRVX VH Q NG\ tNi WDNp VWDUW VWRSQt S HQRV
3, 2%5 B 7,)
6pULRYΠV\QFKURQQt S HQRV 6HULDO V\QFKURQRXV WUDQVPLVVLRQ
3 L V\QFKURQQtP S HQRVX MVRX REY\NOH S HQiªHQ\ FHOp EORN\ ]QDN$ ’DWRYp ELW\
MHGQRWOLYŒFK ]QDN$ S LWRP QiVOHGXMt W VQ SR VRE EH] MDNŒFKNROL DVRYŒFK RGVWXS$
D QHMVRX SURNOiGiQ\ iGQŒPL VWDUW L VWRS ELW\ PRKRX YªDN EŒW GRSOQ Q\ MHGQtP
SDULWQtP ELWHP =D iWHN EORNX MH LQGLNRYiQ MHGQtP QHER Q NROLND VSHFLiOQtPL
V\QFKURQL]D QtPL ]QDN\ W]Y ]QDN\