IS komplet

uctures
What is an Information System?
head2rightLet’s look at some different definitions
and then explore the context of an IS in
the organizational setting.
head2rightThe contrasting definitions should
provide a variety of different
perspectives.
Historical Background
head2right The Data Processing Industry grew rapidly in the 1960’s,
however, the “quantity” of output, most often, far
outstripped the “quality” of output.
head2right Basic computing was often looked at as ‘scientific’ vs.
‘business’ contrasting applications built with FORTRAN
and COBOL.
head2right The growth of the 1960’s and 1970’s saw a shift from
“computer” orientation, to “information” orientation.
head2right The role of “information resource manager” in the
organization offered an opportunity to migrate from the
technocratic image of the past, and establish an image as a
business manager, a general manager, an information
manager. Today this is the role of the CIO - Chief
Information Officer.
1979: John Diebold writes:
head2right “Information, which in essence is the analysis and
synthesis of data, will unquestionably be one of the most
vital corporate resources in the 1980’s.
head2right It will be structured into models for planning and decision-
making.
head2right It will be incorporated into measurements of performance
and profitability.
head2right It will be integrated into product design and marketing
methods.
head2right In other words, information will be recognized and treated
as an asset.”
1985: Davis and Olson:
head2right A management information system is:
checkbld an integrated user-machine system
checkbld for providing information
checkbld to support the operations, management, analysis, and
decision-making functions in an organization.
checkbld The system utilizes:
• computer hardware and software
• manual procedures
• models for analysis, planning, control, and decision-
making
• a database
1989/99: McNurlin and Sprague
head2right “The mission for information systems in organizations is
to improve the performance of people in organizations
through the use of information technology.”
head2right The ultimate objective is performance improvement - a
goal based on outcomes and results rather than a “go-
through-the-steps process” goal.
head2right The focus is the people who make up the organization.
Improving organizational performance is by the people and
groups that comprise the organization.
head2right The resource for this improvement is information
technology.
1990: Turban
head2right A management information system is a formal,
computer-based (but need not be) system
intended to retrieve, extract, and integrate data
from various sources in order to provide timely
information necessary for managerial decision-
making.
head2right An MIS is a business information system
designed to provide past, present, and future
information appropriate for planning, organizing,
and controlling the operations of the
organization.
1992: Alter
head2rightAn information system is a combination
of
checkbldwork practices
checkbldinformation
checkbldpeople, and
checkbldinformation technologies
head2rightorganized to accomplish goals in an
organization.
1992: Zwass
head2right A Management Information System is an
organized portfolio of formal systems for
obtaining, processing, and delivering information
in support of the business operations and
management of an organization.
1995: Laudon and Laudon
head2right Information system - (definition) Interrelated
components that collect, process, store, and
disseminate information to support decision-
making, control, analysis, and visualization in an
organization.
1996: Turban, McLean, Wetherbe
head2right An information systems is a collection of
components that collects, processes, stores,
analyzes, and disseminates information for a
specific purpose.
head2right The major components of a computer-based
information system (CBIS) can include (1)
hardware, (2) software, (3) a database (4) a
network (5 )procedures, and (6) people.
head2right The system operates in a social context, and the
software usually includes application programs
which perform specific tasks for users.
1996: Alter
head2right An information system is a system that uses
information technology to capture, transmit,
store, retrieve, manipulate, or display
information that is used in one or more business
processes.
head2right A business process is a related group of steps or
activities that use people, information, and other
resources to create value for internal or external
customers. Business Processes consist of steps
related in time and place, have a beginning and
end, and have inputs and outputs.
1997: Lucas
head2right Information systems may be described by five of
their key components:
checkbldDecisions
checkbldtransactions and processing
checkbldinformation and its flow
checkbldindividuals or functions involved
checkbldcommunications and coordination
1998: Zwass
head2rightInformation System - An organized set of
components for collecting, transmitting,
storing, and processing data in order to
deliver information for action.
1999: Turban, McLean, Wetherbe
head2rightAn information system is a physical
process that supports an organizational
system by providing information to
achieve organizational goals.
1999: Alter
head2right A work system is a system that produces
products for internal and external customers
through a business process performed by human
participants with the help of information
technology.
head2right An information system is a particular type of
work system that uses information technology to
capture transmit store, retrieve, manipulate, or
display information, thereby supporting one or
more other work systems.
Information Systems Today
head2right The early focus on IS was for the support of operations,
management, analysis and decision-making in
organizations.
head2right A significant emphasis was on models of planning and
control.
head2right The late 1980’s and early 1990’s saw IS expand from the
support not only of decision-making, but but for improved
communication support as well. Social impacts began to
be recognized.
head2right The explosion of the Web has added the important
characteristic of providing information access.
head2right Today the emphasis in organizations is on the support of
business processes.
Terminology
head2right In many older textbooks and contexts, the terms
Management Information Systems (or MIS) and
Information Systems (IS) are used interchangeably.
head2right However, in more contemporary contexts, Management
Information Systems are considered as a subset of the more
general Information Systems. MIS are considered to be
information systems which provides information
specifically for managing an organization generally at a
tactical or middle management level. The are sometimes
called Management Reporting Systems as well.
Information Systems are the more general category that
support all levels of an organization and include a wide
variety of applications (e.g. group decision support
systems). We will generally follow this convention.
Types of Information Systems
head2right Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
head2right Management Information Systems (MIS)
head2right Decision Support Systems (DSS)
head2right Expert Systems (ES)
head2right Executive Information Systems (EIS)
head2right Office Automation Systems (including document management
systems)
head2right Customer Information Systems (CIS)
head2right Reservation Information Systems (RIS)
head2right Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAD/CAM
head2right Office Information Systems (OIS)
head2right Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
head2right Data Warehouse (DHW)
head2right GroupWare, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW),
and other communication systems.
head2right and much more ….
Types of Information Systems
ID
E
O I
S
EIS
DWH
TPS
MIS
CIS RIS CAM CAD GIS ...
Information Technology
head2rightInformation Technology (IT) sometimes
refers to the technology component of an
information system.
head2rightHowever, the concept is often used by
many to describe the collection of all
information systems in organization.
Putting Things in Context - I
head2right Information Technology - the hardware,
software, and networks that make Information
Systems possible.
head2right Information System - a system that uses
information technology to capture, transmit,
store, retrieve, manipulate, and display
information.
head2right Business process - a related group of steps or
activities that use people, information, and other
resources, to create value for internal or external
customers.
Putting Things in Context - II
head2right Firm (or organization) - consists of a large
number of interdependent business processes
that work together to generate products of
services in a business environment.
head2right Business environment - includes the firm and
everything else that affects its success, such as
competitors, suppliers, customers, regulatory
agencies, and demographic, social, and economic
conditions.
Putting Things in Context – The Picture
Frameworks for Understanding IS
head2right A framework is a brief set of ideas for organizing
a thought process about a particular type of thing
or situation. Any useful framework helps make
sense of the world’s complexity by identifying
topics that should be considered and showing
how these topics are related.
head2right We will consider two such frameworks:
checkbldThe Gorry Scott-Morton Framework for MIS
checkbldThe Work-Centered Analysis (WCA)
Framework by Alter.
Ing. Tomáš Rain Ph.D.
Outline
head2rightInformation technology management
head2rightStrategic managing of IS
head2rightEnterprise vision and information strategy
head2rightHistorical development SIS, MIS, TPS …
head2rightMIS
Information technology management
head2right Information technology management is a combination of
two branches of study:
checkbld information technology
checkbld and management.
head2right This aims at achieving the goals and objectives of an
organisation through computers.
head2right Also called IT management, this name is a common
business function within corporations. Strictly speaking,
there are two incarnations to this definition.
checkbld One implies the management of a collection of systems,
infrastructure, and information that resides on them.
checkbld Another implies the management of information
technologies as a business function.
Strategic managing of IS (introduction)
Sspecialized solution
Computer network and operation management
System features
management
Data resources
management
Management IT
development
ASW solution
Project task and setting
Personal
management
IS/IT
Organization of
IS/IT
Economics of
IS/IT
Functions and processes of management IS
Strategic information system
head2right A Strategic Information System ('SIS) is a type of
Information System that is aligned with business strategy
and structure.
head2right The alignment increases the capability to fast respond to
environmental changes and thus creates competitive
advantage.
head2right An early example was the favorable position afforded
American and United Airlines by their reservation systems,
Sabre and Apollo.
head2right For many years these two systems ensured that the two
carriers' flights appeared on the first screens observed by
travel agents, thus increasing their bookings relative to
competitors. A major source of controversy surrounding
SIS is their sustainability.
Enterprise vision and objectives
versus vision and objectives of IS
head2right Strategic planning consists of the process of developing
strategies to reach a defined objective.
head2right As we label a piece of planning "strategic" we expect it to
operate on the grand scale and to take in "the big picture" (in
contradistinction to "tactical" planning, which by definition has
to focus more on the tactics of individual detailed activities).
head2right "Long range" planning typically projects current activities and
programs into a revised view of the external world, thereby
describing results that will most likely occur (whether the planner
wants them or not!)
head2right "Strategic" planning tries to "create" more desirable future results
by
checkbld influencing the outside world or
checkbld adapting current programs and actions so as to have more favorable
outcomes in the external environment.
Enterprise mission statements and
vision statements
head2right Organizations sometimes summarize goals and
objectives into a mission statement and / or a
vision statement:
checkbld A Definition of Vision in a dictionary: 'An Image of
the future we seek to create'.
checkbld A vision statement describes in graphic terms where
the goal-setters want to see themselves in the future. It
may describe how they see events unfolding over 10 or
20 years if everything goes exactly as hoped.
head2right Information and technology driven strategy is a
part of global enterprise strategy.
Information strategy
head2right Information strategy supports global enterprise
strategy.
head2right Information strategy describes
checkbld Long term IS/IT enterprise orientation
checkbld Function and functionality for achieving enterprise
objectives
checkbld Enterprise IS architecture
checkbld HW / SW and personal resources management
checkbld Safety code for enterprise IS
Reengineering of business processes and
importance IS/IT in process of strategic
change
head2right Reengineering (or re-engineering) is the radical redesign of an
organization's processes, especially its business processes.
head2right Rather than organizing a firm into functional specialties (like production,
accounting, marketing, etc.) and looking at the tasks that each function
performs, we should, according to the reengineering theory, be looking at
complete processes from materials acquisition, to production, to
marketing and distribution.
head2right The firm should be re-engineered into a series of processes.
head2right Re-engineering is the basis for many recent developments in
management.
head2right Many recent management information systems developments aim to
integrate a wide number of business functions.
checkbld Enterprise resource planning (ERP),
checkbld Supply chain management, knowledge management systems,
checkbld groupware and collaborative systems,
checkbld Human Resource Management Systems
checkbld and customer relationship management systems all owe a debt to re-
engineering theory.
Historical development
head2right The role of business information systems has changed and
expanded over the last four decades.
head2right In the incipient decade (1950s and '60s), “elecsystems” could be
afforded by only the largest organizations.
checkbld They were used to record and store bookkeeping data such as journal
entries, specialized journals, and ledems” were used to generate a
limited range of predefined reports, including income statements
(they were called P & L’s back then), balance sheets and sales
reports.
checkbld They were trying to perform a decision making support role, but
they were not up to the task.
head2right By the 1970s “decision support systems” were introduced. They
were interactive in the sense that they allowed the user to choose
between numerous options and configurations. Not only was the
user allowed to customize outputs, they also could configure the
programs to their specific needs.
Historical development
head2right The main development in the 1980s was the introduction
of decentralized computing.
head2right Instead of having one large mainframe computer for the
entire enterprise, numerous PC’s were spread around the
organization.
head2right This meant that instead of submitting a job to the computer
department for batch processing and waiting for the
experts to perform the procedure, each user had their own
computer that they could customize for their own
purposes.
head2right Many poor souls fought with the vagaries of DOS
protocols, BIOS functions, and DOS batch programming.
Historical development
head2right As people became comfortable with their new skills, they
discovered all the things their system was capable of.
Computers, instead of creating a paperless society, as was
expected, produced mountains of paper, most of it
valueless.
head2right Mounds of reports were generated just because it was
possible to do so. This information overload was mitigated
somewhat in the 1980s with the introduction of „executive
information systems“. They streamlined the process,
giving the executive exactly what they wanted, and only
what they wanted.
head2right The 1980s also saw the first commercial application of
artificial intelligence techniques in the form of “expert
systems”.
Historical development
head2right The 1990s saw the introduction of the Strategic
information system.
head2right These systems used information technology to enable the
concepts of business strategy developed by scholars like
M. Porter, T Peters, J. Reise, C. Markides, and J. Barney
in the 1980s.
head2right The sustainability of these applications has since been
called into question by N. Carr, which Piccoli and Ives,
among others, have countered.
head2right The role of business information systems had now
expanded to include strategic support.
head2right The latest step was the commercialization of the Internet,
and the growth of intranets and extranets at the turn of the
century.
The functional support role (MIS)
Business processes and operations support function are the most
basic. They involve collecting, recording, storing, and basic
processing of data. Information systems support business
processes and operations by:
head2right recording and storing accounting records including sales data,
purchase data, investment data, and payroll data.
head2right processing such records into financial statements such as income
statements, balance sheets, ledgers, and management reports, etc.
head2right recording and storing inventory data, work in process data,
equipment repair and maintenance data, supply chain data, and
other production/operations records
head2right processing these operations records into production schedules,
production controllers, inventory systems, and production
monitoring systems
head2right recording and storing such human resource records as personnel
data, salary data, and employment histories,
The functional support role (MIS)
head2right recording and storing such human resource records as personnel
data, salary data, and employment histories,
head2right processing these human resources records into employee expense
reports, and performance based reports
head2right recording and storing market data, customer profiles, customer
purchase histories, marketing research data, advertising data, and
other marketing records
head2right processing these marketing records into advertising elasticity
reports, marketing plans, and sales activity reports
head2right recording and storing business intelligence data, competitor
analysis data, industry data, corporate objectives, and other
strategic management records
head2right processing these strategic management records into industry
trends reports, market share reports, mission statements, and
portfolio models
The bottom line is that the information systems use all of the
above to implement, control, and monitor plans, strategies,
tactics, new products, new business models or new business
ventures.
The decision support role
head2right The business decision-making support function goes one step
further. It becomes an integral part -- even a vital part -- of decision
making.
head2right It allows users to ask very powerful
checkbld "What if…?" questions: What if we increase the price by 5%?
checkbld What if we increase price by 10%?
checkbld What if we decrease price by 5%?
checkbld What if we increase price by 10% now, then decrease it by 5% in three
months?
head2right It also allows users to deal with contingencies:
checkbld If inflation increases by 5% (instead of 2% as we are assuming), then
what do we do?
checkbld What do we do if we are faced with a strike or a new competitive
threat?
head2right An organization succeeds or fails based on the quality of its
decisions.
head2right The enhanced ability to explore "what if" questions is central to
analyzing the likely results of possible decisions and choosing those
most likely to shape the future as desired.
The communication decision support
system role
head2right Information systems can support a company's competitive positioning.
Here are three levels of analysis:
1. The supports for help in piloting the chain of internal value. They are the
most recent and the most pragmatic systems within the reach of the
manager.
head2right They are the solutions to reductions of costs and management of
performance. They are typically named "Business Workflow
Analysis" (BWA) or of "Business Management Systems p2p".
head2right Part of the move towards the paperless office, BWA is a method