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Studijní materiály
Hromadně přidat materiály
Grammar Packet - Answer Key - A2 Summer Semester 2004-2005
Y04A2L - Anglický jazyk 2-2
Hodnocení materiálu:
Zjednodušená ukázka:
Stáhnout celý tento materiálvisor program is to load into memory non-resident programs as required.
Loading into memory non-resident programs as required is one task of the supervisor program.
The role of the operating system is to communicate directly with the hardware.
Communicating directly with the hardware is the role of the operating system.
One of the key functions of the operating system is to establish a user interface.
Establishing a user interface is one of the functions of the operating system.
An additional role is to provide services for applications software.
Providing services for applications software is an additional role.
Part of the work of the mainframe operating systems is to support multiple programs and users.
Supporting multiple programs and users is part of the work of the mainframe operating systems.
The task in most cases is to facilitate interaction between a single user and a PC.
Facilitating interaction between a single user and a PC is the task in most cases.
One of the most important functions of a computer is to process large amounts of data quickly.
Processing large amounts of data quickly is one of the most important functions of a computer.
The main reason for installing more memory is to allow the computer to process data faster.
Allowing the computer to process data faster is the main reason for installing more memory.
2 Complete these sentences with correct form of the verb, infinitive or –ing form.
Don´t switch off without (close down) your PC.
Don´t switch off without closing down your PC.
I want to (upgrade) my computer.
I want to upgrade my computer.
He can´t get used to (log on) with a password.
He can´t get used to logging on with a password.
You can find information on the Internet by (use) a search engine.
You can find information on the Internet by using a search engine.
He objected to (pay) expensive telephone bills for Internet access.
He objected to paying expensive telephone bills for Internet access.
He tried to (hack into) the system without (know) the password.
He tried to hack into the system without knowing the password.
You needn´t learn how to (program) in HTML before (design) webpages.
You needn´t learn how to program in HTML before designing webpages.
I look forward to (input) data by voice instead of (use) a keyboard.
I look forward to inputting data by voice instead of using a keyboard.
Verbs + object + infinitive;
verbs + object + to-infinitive
New developments in computing are often designed to make something easier. These verbs are often used to describe such developments: allow, enable, help, let, permit
Allow, enable and permit are used with this structure: verb + object + to-infinitive
Let is used with this structure: verb + object + infinitive
Help can be used with either structure.
Examples:
A GUI lets you point to icons and click a mouse button to execute a task.
A GUI allows you to use a computer without knowing any operating system commands.
Voice recognition software helps disabled users (to) access computers.
Complete the gap in each sentence with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
The Help facility enables users to get advice on most problems.
Adding more memory lets your computer work faster.
Windows allows you to display two different folders at the same time.
The Shift key allows you to type in upper case.
The MouseKeys feature enables you to use the numeric keypad to move the mouse pointer.
ALT + TAB allows you to switch between programs.
The StickyKeys feature helps disabled people (to) operate two keys simultaneously.
ALT + PRINT SCREEN lets you copy an image of an active window to the Clipboard.
Ing-clauses
When two things happen at the same time, you can use –ing for one of the verbs.
I´ve just seen Carol. She is in the bar having a drink.
We also use –ing when one action happens during another action.
Did you cut yourself shaving?
When one action happens before another action, we use having (done) for the first action.
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
You can use an –ing clause to explain something or to say why somebody does something.
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
We use –ing clause to say what somebody is doing at a particular time.
Do you know the man talking to Tom?
1 Rephrase the following sentences using a participial construction instead of a subordinate clause.
When an undergraduate has completed his project, he sits for the final state examination.
Having completed his project, an undergraduate sits for the final state examination. /On completing . . ./ After completing . . .
After they had made the necessary preparations, they started the experiment. After making the necessary preparations, they started the experiment.
When the programmer has defined the problem to be solved, he must determine the method to be used. Having defined the problem to be solved, the programmer must determine the method to be used./ After defining . . .
When he has determined the method to be used, he must organize the data structure.
Having determined the method to be used, he must organize the data structure./ After determining . . .
When Robert had passed his final state examination, he was awarded the degree of “Ing“. Having passed his final state examination, Robert was awarded the degree of Ing./ After passing . . .
After they had bought an expensive car, they didn´t have much money left for everything else.
After buying an expensive car, they didn´t have much money left for everything else.
When he has flowcharted the logic of a solution, he must code it in the programming language.
Having flowcharted the logic of a solution, he must code it in the programming language.
After the lecturer had explained the problem, he described some of the methods of solving it.
After explaining the problem, the lecturer described some of the methods of solving it.
2 Answer the questions positively. Use the whole sentence with –ing costruction.
Did Mary laugh loudly as she came in?Yes. Mary laughed loudly coming in.
Did the soldiers sing loudly as they went through the streets?
Yes. The soldiers sang loudly going through the streets.
How did Tom cut off all those wires? Did he use a kitchen knife?
Yes. Tom cut off all those wires using a kitchen knife.
When did the mountaineer slip? Did he climb the north wall?
Yes. He slipped climbing the north wall.
A lot of adults learn foreign languages. Do they attend evening classes?
Yes. They attend evening classes learning foreign languages.
A group is waiting in front of the castle. Are they Dutch visitors to Prague?
Yes. They are Dutch visitors to Prague waiting in front of the castle.
Did you notice the two men? They were standing in the background.
Yes. I noticed the two men standing in the background.
3 Rephrase the following sentences using an –ing form instead of a subordinate clause.
When Barbara was typing the letters, she didn´t look at the keyboard. While typing / Typing the letters, Barbara didn´t look at the keyboard. / Barbara, typing the letters, didn´t look at …
As she is used to typing for a long time, she never complains. Being used to typing for a long time, she never complains.
When the secretary was bringing in the customer, she heard the telephone ringing. While bringing / Bringing in the customer, the secretary heard the telephone ringing./ The secretary, bringing in the customer, heard the phone ringing.
Since I believed that he had told the truth, I decided to let him go. Believing that he had told the truth, I decided to let him go.
When Mr Ralston was being introduced to the ladies, he tried to remember the names of all of them. While being / Being introduced to the ladies, Mr Ralston tried to remember the names of all of them./ Mr Ralston, on being introduced to the ladies, tried…
While he was flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a flying saucer. Flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a flying saucer.
Since the prices are really reasonable, they suit all buyers. Being really reasonable, the prices suit all buyers.
When the clerk was working out the price, he included the packing charge in it. While working out / Working out the price, the clerk included the packing charge in it./ The clerk, working on the price, included…
4 Translate into Czech.
Going through Birmingham I met Mr Wheeler. I met him carrying a suitcase. Když jsem projížděl Birminghamem, potkal jsem pana Wheelera, který nesl kufr.
Listening to the conversation Muriel enjoyed herself very much. Later on we even saw her speaking to that young man. Zatímco poslouchala konverzaci, Muriel se velmi bavila. / Při poslechu konverzace se Muriel velmi bavila. Později jsme ji dokonce viděli, jak si povídá s tím mladým mužem.
The old lady was seen wearing all her jewels. Wearing them in the afternoon she made everybody notice her. Viděli jsme tu starou dámu, jak měla na sobě všechny své šperky. Protože si je oblékla odpoledne, donutila všechny, aby si jí všimli.
Borrowing a deposit copy I noticed a student I had met before. I noticed him filling in a lending form. Když jsem si půjčoval kopii vkladu, všiml jsem si studenta, kterého jsem potkal předtím. Všiml jsem si ho, když vyplňoval vypůjční formulář.
Reading the two texts and comparing them with the third the scientists deciphered the hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone. Když si vědci přečetli ty dva texty a porovnali je s třetím, rozluštili hieroglyfy na Rosetta Stone.
One can often find book-lovers reading early prints in the library of the British Museum. Často lze vidět milovníky knih, jak čtou první tisky v knihovně Britského muzea.
Mr Lewis watched his secretary typing the answers. He had her working hard. Pan Lewis sledoval svoji sekretářku, jak píše odpovědi. Měl za to, že pilně pracuje.
-ing clauses : cause and effect
We can use –ing clauses to explain how something happens. The –ing clause explanation can be placed before, or after the main clause. We can also use – ing clauses to link a cause and effect.
Examples:
Using MIDI, computers can communicate with synthesizers.
DVD drives read DVD disks (by) using blue laser light.
A WAV file may sample a song 44,0000 times a second, creating a huge mass of information.
Match each cause and effect. Then link them with an –ing clause.
Cause
Computers with MIDI interface boards can be connected to MIDI instruments. 1E
Computers with MIDI interface boards can be connected to MIDI instruments allowing the music being played to be stored by the computer and displayed on the monitor.
Each side of a DVD can have two layers. 2D
Each side of a DVD can have two layers giving an enormous storage capacity.
MP3 removes sounds we can´t hear. 3H
MP3 removes sounds we can´t hear producing much smaller files.
You can download single tracks. 4B
You can download single tracks creating your own compilation.
Each MP3 file has a tag. 5A
Each MP3 file has a tag permitting extra information to be stored on the performer and other track details.
MP3 players contain several devices. 6G
MP3 players contain several devices allowing you to control the way the music sounds.
You can download a skin program. 7F
You can download a skin program enabling you to change the appearance of your player.
You can legally download some music. 8C
You can legally download some music allowing you to sample a new group before buying their CD.
Effect
This permits extra information to be stored on the performer and other track details.
You can create your own compilation.
This allows you to sample a new group before buying their CD.
This gives an enormous storage capacity.
This allows the music being played to be stored by the computer and displayed on the monitor.
This enables you to change the appearance of your player.
These allow you to control the way the music sounds.
This produces much smaller files.
Relative clauses
1. Put who(m), which, what, whose or nothing in each space as necessary.
He didn´t know who had paid him, which was strange.
Someone who had been there before told us the way.
What I ought to do, is find out whose gloves they are.
Peter, whose car had broken down, met a man who managed to fix it.
The drawer in which he found the gun was the one which/ nothing I had searched.
Those who come late must stay to do the work which/ nothing they have missed.
The dog which/ nothing I bought was the one which/ nothing you saw the day you arrived.
That is the boy whose mother knows the man who repaired our fridge.
He is the one who asked me whom/who I gave the money to.
The snow, which had been falling all day, was what gave us trouble.
Join each group of sentences using the words given in brackets and beginning as shown.
Make any other necessary changes.
1A man brought the letter. He left it on the table. (who)
The man who brought the letter left it on the table.
2I have a friend. Her six children sing in a choir. (whose)
I have a friend whose six children sing in a choir.
3I sold my car to a man. You spoke to him. (-)
The man you spoke to was the man I sold my car to.
4 The cup was on the table. It had tea in it. (which)
The cup which was on the table had tea in it.
5 I bought a painting. I sold it to a friend. He liked it. (who)
I sold the painting I bought to a friend who liked it.
6A student came late. I borrowed her pen. (whose, who, the one)
The student whose pen I borrowed was the one who came late.
7I went on holiday. I went with a friend. He has fallen ill. (whom)
The friend with whom I went on holidays has fallen ill.
In the following sentences, insert commas if there is a non-defining relative clause. Cross out the pronoun if possible in the defining relative clauses.
The thing that I most regret is not going to university.
My two daughters, who are 16 and 13, are both interested in dancing.
No change
No change or I didn´t like the clothes in the sale.
No change
Salt, whose qualities have been known since prehistoric times, is used to season and preserve food.
The CD that I bought yesterday doesn´t work.
You know the book that you paid Ł20 for? I just got it for Ł5.
No change
Devon, where my mother´s family come from, is famous…
Fill the gaps with a relative pronoun. If the pronoun can be omitted, add nothing.
The lady who is sitting in the wheelchair is my grandmother.
I know an Italian restaurant that serves excellent home-made pasta.
I know an Italian restaurant where you can always get a table.
Uncle Tom earns a fortune, which is why I´ve asked him to lend me Ł1,000.
Sean is a child nothing people immediately like.
My daughter, whose ambition is to emigrate to Australia, has finally got her visa.
I gave him a drink of water, which he drank thirstily.
The flight nothing we wanted to get was fully booked.
My Auntie´s house is the place where or nothing I feel most at home.
This is the smallest car that has ever been made.
That´s the man whose wife left him because he kept his pet snake in their bedroom.
I love the things nothing you say to me.
I go shopping at the new shopping centre, where there´s always free parking.
She told me she´d been married before, which I didn´t realize.
Whatever you do, don´t touch that button. The machine will explode.
Combine the sentences, remembering to put the preposition after the verb in the relative clause.
1 This is the book. I was telling you about it.
This is the book I was telling you about.
2 She´s a friend. I can always rely on her.
She´s a friend I can always rely on.
3 That´s the man. The police were looking for him.
That´s the man the police were looking for.
4 She recommended a book by Robert Palmer. I´d never heard of him.
She recommended a book by R.P., who I´d never heard of.
5 You paid Ł500 for a carpet. It has been reduced to Ł200.
The carpet (which) you paid Ł500 for has been reduced to Ł200. or The carpet you paid …
6 The Prime Minister gave a good speech. I agree with his views.
The Prime Minister, whose views I agree with, gave a good speech.
7 He spoke about the environment. I care deeply about this.
He spoke about the environment, which I care deeply about.
8 What´s that music? You´re listening to it.
What´s the music you´re listening to?
9 Her mother died last week. She looked after her for many years.
Her mother, who she looked after for many years, died last week.
10 My daughter has started smoking. I disapprove of this.
My daughter has started smoking, which I disapprove of.
Relative clauses with a participle
Relative clauses with a participle are often used in technical descriptions. They allow you to provide a lot of information about a noun using as few words as possible. We can use the passive or the active participle.
Examples:
PCs equipped with Ethernet adapters = PCs which are equipped with Ethernet adapters
Data line linking client to server = data line which links client to server
1 Complete these definitions with the correct participle of the verb given in brackets.
A gateway is an interface (enable) enabling dissimilar networks to communicate.
A bridge is a hardware and software combination (use) used to connect the same type of networks.
A backbone is a network transmission path (handle) handling major data traffic.
A router is a special computer (direct) directing messages when several networks are linked.
A network is a number of computers and peripherals (link) linked together.
A LAN is a network (connect) connecting computers over a small distance such as within a company.
A server is a powerful computer (store) storing many programs (share) shared by all the clients in the network.
A client is a network computer (use) used for accessing a service on a server.
A thin client is a simple computer (comprise) comprising a processor and memory, display, keyboard, mouse and hard drives only.
A hub is an electronic device (connect) connecting all the data cabling in a network.
2 Link these statements using a relative clause with a participle.
a The technology is here today.
b It is needed to set up a home network.
The technology needed to set up a home network is here today.
a You only need one network printer.
b It is connected to the server.
You only need one network printer connected to the server.
a Her house has a network.
b It allows basic file-sharing and multi-player gaming.
Her house has a network allowing basic file-sharing and multi-player gaming.
a There is a line receiver in the living room.
b It delivers home entertainment audio to speakers.
There is a line receiver in the living room delivering home entertainment audio to speakers.
a Eve has designed a site.
b It is dedicated to dance.
Eve has designed a site dedicated to dance.
a She has built in links.
b They connect her site to other dance sites.
She has built-in links connecting her site to other dance sites.
a She created the site using a program called Netscape Composer.
b It is contained in Netscape Communicator.
She created the site using a program called Netscape Composer contained in Netscape Communicator
a At the centre of France Telecom´s home of tomorrow is a network.
b It is accessed through a Palm Pilot-style control pad.
At the centre of France Telecom´s home of tomorrow is a network accessed through a Palm Pilot-style control pad.
a The network can simulate the owner´s presence.
b This makes sure vital tasks are carried out in her absence.
The network can simulate the owner´s presence making sure vital tasks are carried out in her absence
a The house has an electronic door-keeper.
b It is programmed to recognise you.
c This gives access to family only.
The house has an electronic
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