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Stáhnout celý tento materiál22. London }{ New York
LONDON
London is the capital of the United Kingdom and England. It is situated on the river Thames in south-east England. Its population with suburbs was 12 million, its size is about 1,600 sq km. It includes the City of London and 32 boroughs. London is the seat of the Monarch, the Parliament, the Government and the Supreme Court. It also contains many important museums, galleries, theatres and many historical buildings and parks.
The river Thames played a vital part in establishing Britain as the world’s mightiest trading nation. Docks were developed along the riverbanks to the East including St. Katherine’s Dock (built in 1828) close to the Tower of London. For more than a century it bustled with commercial activity, now it has been transformed into a marina with a display of historic ships.
History. The earliest inhabitants here were in the Stone Age. Before Christ there was a Celtic settlement called Llyndin (= lonely port) on the left bank of the Thames. Romans stayed here from 55 BC, only about, 43 AD. Romans made a wall around the city with a bridge, very good streets and watered places. When they left the island in the fifth century, it remained the capital of the Britons. It kept its importance during the Anglo-Saxon times and later during the reign of the Danish kings in the 10th and 11th centuries. After the Roman occupation of England the most important port Londinium originated here. But in that time was the capital Winchester. However London is the richest city every time.
During the rule of Germanic tribes Lundenevic ( = London) became the capital of the kingdom Essex and since 1066 it has been the capital of the English Kingdom. During the 12th century reign of Norman kings, William the Conqueror was the first to come, the royal court moved from Winchester, the former capital, to London, for ever. William win in the battle at Hastings and he beated up the last Anglo-Saxon king Harold II.
The city continued to grow and flourish and gradually extended beyond its walls to absorb the originally separate Westminster. The 16th century establishment of the trading companies and the Royal Exchange (1565) contributed to the rapid economic rise of London.
In 1665 was in London epidemic of Plague. After the Great Fire in 1666 London developed into a city of world-wide fame. In the 19th century it was the largest city of the world, the largest port and the most important finical centre. During World War II it was heavily damaged by the German bombing.
The kings of England often needed money. So they moved their capital close to London. But they didn’t want to live in London itself. It was dirty, smelly and dangerous city. So they made their capital at Westminster. At first the two cities of London and Westminster were separated and there were fields between them. But slowly they grew into one city. The kings built their city to the west of the city, because the prevailing wind in Britain is from the west. The wind blew all the smells from the post and the factories towards the east. As the city grew, the rich people lived in the West End and the poor people lived in the East End. This is changing now, because the docks and a lot of industries in the East End have closed. Now Dockland is becoming a new financial centre and a fashionable place to live.
Places of interest: Central London is where most of the famous sights are. On the Underground map it is surrounded by the Circle Line. The City is the oldest part of London in the East, and now is the home to the financial district. There you can find St. Paul’s Cathedral, Tower of London, Tower Bridge, The Monument. The East End, to the east of the City is where many new immigrant groups live and many working people. The West End has everything from chic shops, theatres, beautiful residential areas, great parks and the famous Trafalgar Square which many Londoners think of as the centre of their city. Near the West End, just to the South, is Westminster, where Buckingham Palace, Parliament and the Government of England are located. Nearby are Kensington and Belgravia, Knightsbridge and Chelsea, the most establish parts of London in which to live.
The Monument is commemorating the place in Pudding Lane where the Great Fire of London started. It is about a 60 metres-high column, that is a distance where the fire started.
Buckingham Place is the residence of the British Queen. It is guarded by the beefeaters (it is nickname, because they ate a lot of beef). In front of Buckingham palace is the statue of Queen Victoria. The Houses of Parliament, built up in neogothic style, are the residences of members of Parliament. The houses are Houses of Lords and Houses of Commons. Before HOP stood here Old Palace of Westminster. Whitehall is the street in Westminster where the government offices are located. You can see here changing guards. Here is also The Cenotaph, the column commemorate those who died for their country in WWII. Along Whitehall you can go to Trafalgar Square. Here come people at Christmas Eve, because here is standing big Christmas tree as a present form Norway. All are singing the song Long Song, to say good bye old year and they link thier arms.
Downing Street 10 is the official home of British Prime Minister since 1731.
Westminster Abbey is coronation church of almost all English monarchs. The place where many of them were buried. There is also Poet’s corner where are a lot of well-known people.
The gothic Westminster Cathedral and the baroque St. Paul’s Cathedral built by Christopher Wren are the most famous churches in London. St. Paul’s Cathedral was completed after 35 years in 1711. It stands on the site of the previous cathedral which was damaged by the Great Fire of London in 1666. St. Paul’s is built in the Baroque style, the main nave is 170 metres long and it is crowned by a central dome which rises 111 metres, it is the largest church in the world after St. Peter’s in Rome. Inside the dome along the cupola runs the whispering Gallery whose name refers to the remarkable acoustics which make it possible to hear words on one side whispered against the wall on the opposite side. St. Paul’s has seen many important occasions: sir Winston Churchill’s funeral service or the wedding of Prince Charles and princess Diana in 1981, Britain’s heroes are buried there -Admiral Nelson, the Duke of Wellington and Sir Christopher Wren himself. Wren’s simple epitaph says: „Reader, if you seek a monument, look about you,“
The Tower bridge is one of the most famous symbols of London. He stands next to the Tower. It can open in the middle and let large ships go through. Built in 1894, it takes 90 seconds to raise. Other well- known bridges are Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge. The clock tower with the massive bell called Big Ben is a part of the parliament’s architecture. The post office Tower is the highest building in GB (nearly 190m)
The Tower was built by William the Conqueror in the 11th century. He started to built the massive fortress - the White Tower - to impress and dominate the people of London. Successive kings extended it and added to the fortifications. The Tower served till the 16th century as a royal home, a prison, an execution site, a royal mint and an observatory. There also used to be a royal menagerie. It is a museum now. The Crown Jewels in Jewel House guarded by the beefeaters ( right called Yeoman Warders) in their traditional Tudor uniforms are kept here. In prison were many famous prisoners kept - explorer Sir Walter Raleigh, guy Fawkes who planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament in 1605, as well as Rudolf Hess, Hitler’s deputy, the execution block where Henry VIII’s wives, Ann Boleyn and Catherine Howard, and philosopher Thomas More were beheaded. Six ravens are kept in the Tower to protect the whole kingdom. The legend says that the Kingdom will cease to exist when the ravens leave the Tower. A solemn, 700 year - old Ceremony of the Keys is still performed nightly when the main gate is locked.
The British Museum is the largest museum in the world. The National Gallery in Trafalgar Square houses paintings by nearly all great European artists of the past and a large collection of British paintings and sculpture. Tate Gallery houses valuable collection too. You can see there British and foreign paintings. Madame Tussaud’s waxwork museum in Marelybone Road is very attractive for people of all kinds.
With its dozens of theatres and music halls London is the centre of Britain’s theatre and musical life. Among theatres the most important are the National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company(it isn’t theatre but company that you can see in London and Stratford), the Old Vic theatre is the oldest. In the Royal Albert Hall Antonín Dvořák conducted the orchestra plying his compositions (Stabat Mater). It is named in honour of prince Albert and promenaded concerts are hold there. Major classical centre is also The Royal Festival Hall. The Royal Opera House is called Covered Garden because there was formatted market called also Covered Market. The market moved to new buildings. Now it is open as a modern shopping centre. The Barbican Centre opened in 1982. There is a concert hall, an art gallery, cinemas, theatre, the home state of Shakespeare Company, library, bars and restaurants.
Leicester Square is not far from Trafalgar Square. There is a statue of Shakespeare in the middle. It is also round garden.
Piccadilly Circus, Bond Street, Regent Street and Oxford Street are the most famous shopping centres in London. There is a lot of shopping houses Harrods, Selfridges, Marks and Spencer and CaA. Piccadilly Circus is a crossing closing the street Piccadilly. It’s very noisy and small. It also became notabl
Vloženo: 9.06.2011
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