- Stahuj zápisky z přednášek a ostatní studijní materiály
- Zapisuj si jen kvalitní vyučující (obsáhlá databáze referencí)
- Nastav si své předměty a buď stále v obraze
- Zapoj se svojí aktivitou do soutěže o ceny
- Založ si svůj profil, aby tě tví spolužáci mohli najít
- Najdi své přátele podle místa kde bydlíš nebo školy kterou studuješ
- Diskutuj ve skupinách o tématech, které tě zajímají
Studijní materiály
Zjednodušená ukázka:
Stáhnout celý tento materiálECOLOGY, ECOLOGICAL TERMS, ECOSYSTEMS
Ecology – science dealing with relationships between organisms and their surrounding and between organisms themselves; set up in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel
General ecology – sums up and generalizes basic ecological relations and rules
Landscape ecology – states the importance of renovation of industrially devasted areas
Specialized ecology – deals with particular groups of organisms
× Autecology – studies the interactions between individuals
× Demecology – studies the interactions between populations
× Synecology – studies the interactions within biocenosis and ecosystems
Basic terms
Biotope – place providing suitable conditions from organism’s life
Locality – topographically specified place where an organism lives
Population – members of the same genus living on a specified place in a specified time
Biocenosis – set of organisms of different genus living on a specified place; two types – zoocenosis (animals) and phytocenosis (plants)
(development of biocenosis = ecological succession ending with climax (stable conditions, big number of species, long and complicated food chains and high resistance)
Ecological niche – the adaptation of organism to certain environment and main life strategy = “address and job” of organism
Ecosystem – biotope + biocenosis
Biom – set of similar ecosystems
Biosphere – set of all ecosystems on earth
Gauss curve - describes the ecological valence of organism (= limits of conditions in which organism is able to live)
A-A’ – best conditions for organism
m-A and A’-M – “stress area” – the organism is able to survive but the conditions are very unsuitable for its life (the ability to survive bad conditions is called tolerance)
m-M – ecological valence – ability of organism to survive certain range of conditions
Organisms which need specific conditions for life (have narrow ecological valence) are called stenovalent; organisms which adapt well to changing conditions (have wide ecological valence) are called euryvalent
Bioindicator – a stenovalent organism with known level of adaptation to certain conditions which is then used to determine the overall conditions of environment
Liebig law – the prosperity of organism in given environment is limited by that factor, which is least convenient for him
When one condition becomes inconvenient, the organism is debilitated → the resistance against other conditions is decreased
Factors affecting the organisms
Abiotic factors – created by non-living nature (sun light, temperature, atmosphere and its composition, chemical composition of soil, amount of minerals in water)
Biotic factors – how is the organism influenced by other organisms
× Sun-light – the only source of energy into biosphere
→ UV (ultra-violet) radiation (100-390 nm)
-80-90% absorbed by ozone layer
-positive influence – activated vitamine D
-negative influence – diseases, slow growth, kills microorganisms
-problem – ozone hole
→ visible light (260-760 nm)
-different kinds of organisms react to different range of spectrum (people 400-750 nm)
-influence of plants – photosynthesis, dormancy, stimulation of phytohormones
-influence on animals – orientation, production of pigment, reproduction, stimulation of hormones, migration, activity
→ IR (infra-red) radiation (800-5000 nm)
-most important for production of heat
× Temperature – sources of heat – sunlight, biological processes; according to ability to cope with temperature changes we differ
→ eurythermic organisms (wide temperature amplitude)
→ stenothermic organisms (narrow temperature amplitude)
-according to inner temperature of organisms we differ (only in animals)
→ home
Vloženo: 8.07.2011
Velikost: 177,00 kB
Komentáře
Tento materiál neobsahuje žádné komentáře.
Copyright 2024 unium.cz