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Stáhnout celý tento materiál24. Australia
Australia is the only country which is also a continent. Australia is often called an island continent. Oz is the smallest continent of the world. It is situated between the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Its official name is the Commonwealth of Australia. It is an independent member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Its capital is Canberra. It is a federal state with a Governor General at its head. The Governor is the deputy of the British Queen. National currency is Australian dollars that means 100 cents.
Geography:
Western Australia takes up one-third of Australia and contains the city of Perth. South Australia with city of Adelaide. Queensland lies in the tropical north-eastern corner. New South Wales lying in the south east corner, is the most populous state. Victoria is in the south west corner. Tasmania is an island state, the smallest state.
Northern Territory lies in the north and centre of Australia. It is the least populated and lest developed of all the states and territories. Australian Capital Territory is the capital city of Canberra.
Most of Australia is low and flat. Australia can, however, be divided into three major land regions. They are, from west to east, the Western Plateau, the Central Lowlands and the Eastern Highlands.
Australian’s highest mountains are the Australian Alps in the extreme southern part of the Eastern Highland and in the States of Victoria and New South Wales. Mount Kosciusko, in the Snowy Mountains range, is 2,228 metres high. It and the surrounding mountains are popular destination for snow skiers.
Many of Australia’s rivers are dry at least part of the year and fill with water only during the rainy season. The Murray River is Australia’s longest permanently flowing river. It begins in the Snowy Mountains and empties 2,589 kilometres to the west near the city of Adelaide. Another significant river is the Darling River but it is dry for most of the winter. Australia’s only large permanent lakes have been artificially created. They include Lake Argyle in Western Australia and Lake Gordon in Tasmania. Both are used as reservoirs for conservation projects. Most of Australia’s natural lakes are dry for months or years at a time like lakes Lake Eyre, Lake Torrens and Lake Gairdner.
The Great Barrier Reef, a collection of a chain of more than 2,500 reefs, is the world’s largest coral reef and one of Australia’s most popular tourist attractions. It extends for just over 23,000 kilometres along Australia’s north-east and is composed of about 400 species of corals of many shapes and colours. Ayers Rock, located in central Australia, is also a popular tourist attraction. Located near the center of Australia, it is called the world’s biggest rock. It is about 2,4 kilometres long and 300 metres high and has many small caves. The walls of these caves are covered with rock painting made long ago by Aboriginal artists.
Some parts of Australia are completely dry. In central Australia there are three deserts - the Great Sandy Desert, the Gibson Desert and the Great Victoria Desert.
Industry:
Because Australia has rich mineral resources, much of Australia’s industry is centered around mining, as well as farming. It exports a great variety of minerals and metals (gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, iron) all over the world. Australia’s farmers produce nearly all the food needed by the people. Crops are grown on only about 5 percent of the farmland, however the use of modern agricultural methods make this land highly productive. Much of the crop farming is located near the east and west coasts. Australia’s leading farm products are cattle, wheat and wool along with dairy product, fruit and sugar cane.
History:
The original inhabitants of Australia were a people called Aborigines. The first known European discovery of the continent by a Dutch navigator named Willem Jansz who briefly visited the northern coast in 1606, in 1642 and 1643, Dutch sea captain Abel Tasman, landed on the island which was eventually named after him, Tasmania. In 1770 James Cook of the British army became the first European to sight and explore Australia’s east coast.
Australia was originally the colony to which england deported convicts. They were actually the only white people ther for many years. The last convicts came to Australia in 1839. From 1800 free British immigrants formed the greater part of the population, but they were mainly men. That’s why Engaldn strated a campaign to get more women to Australia. After many years of continued exploration and settlement of Australia, a great increase in the population of Australia occurred between 1850 and1860 after the discovery of gold in the south-west. As most people did not find enough gold to pay their passage home so they stayed.
After the various colonies in Australia decided to unite into a single nation and united government, on January 1, 1901 the six colonies became states of a new nation, the Commonwealth of Australia.
People:
The country isn’t densely populated. The area is 17.7 million square km, the population only 17 million people. Large territories in the interior are very difficult to live in because they are rather dry. There is little rainfall there. Most people live in town on the coast. The biggest towns in Australia are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. Most people are of British origin.
Much of Australia’s city life is on its east coast. Many people here work in offices and factories. This is sharp contrast to life country, which is often centered around sheep raising. Most cattle raising take place in the interior of Australia, also called „the outback“. Many cattle ranches, called stations, have their own small aeroplanes because of the isolation of the ranches and the great distance the workers must travel. But many families who do not own a plane get to town only a few times a year. A great number of children don’t attend school but receive their lessons from a radio program called „School of the Air“. Students mail in their homework to be graded.
Aborigines, the native Australians, are Australia’s most notable minority group and they are Australian Negroes. The Aborigines number about 160,000 and live mostly in the northern coastal areas and on small islands. Most of them no longer live the nomadic, tribal life of their ancestors. Because they have suffered from various forms of prejudice, discrimination and extreme poverty, special government welfare, housing and education programs were formed to assist aboriginal people.
Fauna and flora
Most of Australia has a continental climate, but there is also warm and subtropical climate. The continent is in the southern hemisphere which means that Australia has summer when we have winter and vice versa. The tropical forests in the north and north-east are displaced by savannas and
Vloženo: 5.08.2011
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